{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:09:09Z","timestamp":1777417749133,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report a case of nightmares and sleep disorder associated with improper use of carvedilol, an \u03b1\/\u03b2-blocker, and to model the time course of receptor occupancy in this patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CASE SUMMARY:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 41-year-old man with panic disorder had been treated with alprazolam 1.2 mg\/d (3 \u00d7 daily), carvedilol 10 mg\/d (once in the morning), and etizolam 0.5 mg (for anxiety attack). Although the physical and psychological symptoms gradually improved, he reported nightmares and panic attacks. An interview revealed that he had been taking carvedilol 5 mg twice a day after lunch and dinner on his own initiative, in addition to the prescribed dosage. The patient was asked to take carvedilol 10 mg only after breakfast, as had been advised. Consequently, the sleep disorder and nightmares disappeared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We calculated the time courses of \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -adrenoceptor binding occupancy in the central nervous system after oral administration of carvedilol with the ordinary and improper regimens by using pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic parameters obtained from the literature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the ordinary dose of carvedilol 10 mg once a day, the improper regimen (10 mg after breakfast followed by 5 mg after lunch and dinner) increases the \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -adrenoceptor binding occupancy at night (2300) to as high as the mean \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -adrenoceptor binding occupancy after an ordinary dose of propranolol.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sleep disorder and nightmares experienced by this patient had been induced by elevation of central \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -adrenoceptor binding occupancy at night as the result of improper use of carvedilol.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideyo","family":"Sugahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hideyo Sugahara MD PhD, Assistant, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Mine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazunori Mine MD PhD, Professor, Department of Medico-Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiharu","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiharu Kubo MD PhD, Professor, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasufumi","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yasufumi Sawada PhD, Professor, Department of Medico-Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-bibr1-aph.1A476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198300252-00082"},{"key":"bibr-bibr2-aph.1A476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00543712"},{"key":"bibr-bibr3-aph.1A476","first-page":"201","volume":"1","author":"Betts TA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Primary Cardiol Suppl"},{"key":"bibr-bibr4-aph.1A476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00543711"},{"key":"bibr-bibr5-aph.1A476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.1.204"},{"key":"bibr-bibr6-aph.1A476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25A","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80253-4","volume":"7","author":"Kositis JB","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll 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