{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:11:21Z","timestamp":1777417881838,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, and diagnostic workup of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and to discuss the available data on the current and emerging therapies being used to treat this disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary and review articles were identified with a MEDLINE search (1966\u2013December 2001) and through secondary sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included in this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the absence of a definable cause, PPH is a disorder classified by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and mean pulmonary artery pressure. A relatively rare condition, PPH has an annual incidence of 1\u20132 cases per million people, slightly higher in women than men. The prognosis is poor, with a mean survival time of 2.8 years after diagnosis if untreated. Vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, and thrombosis are hallmarks of the disease process. Anticoagulation and vasodilators are the most commonly employed treatment options, showing benefits in clinical outcomes, hemodynamic parameters, and mortality. Several new vasodilators are being evaluated for the treatment of PPH. Bosentan was recently approved as the first oral agent for the treatment of PPH. Iloprost, treprostinil, and beraprost are investigational agents in Phase III studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Until additional studies and experience with these agents become available, calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) remain the first option for therapy. For patients not responding to CCBs, therapeutic options will now include epoprostenol and bosentan. Since there are no comparison trials between these 2 agents, therapeutic decisions should be based on patient-specific concerns. Clinical data and experience support the use of epoprostenol; however, in patients at risk or considered unsuitable candidates, bosentan may become a preferred option. Additional studies are warranted to address the potential therapeutic benefits of combination therapy and long-term benefits of agents to treat PPH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1c015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,4]],"date-time":"2003-06-04T16:23:45Z","timestamp":1054743825000},"page":"1414-1423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Current and Emerging Therapy for Primary Pulmonary Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Steven E","family":"Pass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steven E Pass PharmD BCPS, Clinical Pharmacy Practitioner, Critical Care; Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati; Department of Pharmacy Services, The University Hospital, Cincinnati, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L","family":"Dusing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michelle L Dusing PharmD BCPS, Drug Policy Development Specialist; 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