{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:19:26Z","timestamp":1777418366423,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]],"date-time":"2003-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1051747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the literature concerning the efficacy of calcium, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and calcitonin in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Articles were identified through searches of the MEDLINE (1966\u2013July 2002), EMBASE (1980\u2013July 2002), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970\u2013July 2002) databases using the key words osteoporosis, postmenopausal, fracture, calcium, vitamin D, hormone replacement therapy, bisphosphonates, alendronate, risedronate, raloxifene, and calcitonin. Additional references were located through review of the bibliographies of the articles cited. Searches were not limited by time restriction, language, or human subject.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental and observational studies of the use of calcium and antiresorptive therapies for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis were selected. Articles evaluating bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture efficacy were included in this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HRT, bisphosphonates, raloxifene, and calcitonin have demonstrated stabilization of and improvement in BMD. Randomized clinical trials have shown fracture risk reduction with bisphosphonates, raloxifene, HRT, calcium, and calcitonin. The largest risk reductions have been reported with use of bisphosphonates in several trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several therapeutic options with well-documented improvements in BMD and reductions in fracture risk are available to women for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1c246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,22]],"date-time":"2003-04-22T17:04:35Z","timestamp":1051031075000},"page":"711-724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Comparing Therapies for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Samantha F","family":"Eichner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Samantha F Eichner PharmD, Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee; Associate Director, Drug Information Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly B","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kimberly B Lloyd PharmD, Assistant Professor, Harrison School of Pharmacy; Director, Auburn University Pharmaceutical Care Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin M","family":"Timpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erin M Timpe PharmD, Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, University of Tennessee Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1C246","first-page":"294","volume":"7","author":"Hodgson SF","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1C246","unstructured":"National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. 2000. www.nof.org\/physguide (accessed 2002 Jun 20)."},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785","volume":"285","author":"Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy: consensus conference: from the National Institutes of Health","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1C246","first-page":"1406","volume-title":"Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach","author":"O'Connell MB","year":"2002","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1C246","volume-title":"Working with patients to prevent, treat, and manage osteoporosis: a curriculum guide for the health professions","author":"Gold DT","year":"2001","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1C246","first-page":"224","volume":"281","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1C246","first-page":"1222","volume-title":"Robbins pathologic basis of disease","author":"Rosenberg A.","year":"1999","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70189-7"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.272.24.1942"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/J354v16n04_13"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70011-6"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900283"},{"issue":"45","key":"bibr13-aph.1C246","first-page":"15","volume":"23","author":"Gallagher JC","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-1-264"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-3-533"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199009273231305"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623348"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650111218"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.2.168"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-4-199602150-00003"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.1C246","first-page":"1052","volume":"80","author":"Ooms ME","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-9-649"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-4-267"},{"key":"bibr24-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272305"},{"key":"bibr25-aph.1C246","unstructured":"Ayerst Wyeth. Premarin, conjugated estrogen tablets, USP. www.premarin.com\/premarin.html (accessed 2002 Jun 22)."},{"key":"bibr26-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1959.03010300011002"},{"key":"bibr27-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-102-3-319"},{"key":"bibr28-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711053171901"},{"key":"bibr29-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90050-7"},{"key":"bibr30-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-1-40"},{"key":"bibr31-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110243251701"},{"key":"bibr32-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80156-G"},{"key":"bibr33-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91653-R"},{"key":"bibr34-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199310143291601"},{"key":"bibr35-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530290040035","volume":"275","author":"Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women: The Postmenopausal Estrogen\/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bibr36-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540170041030"},{"key":"bibr37-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.7.815"},{"key":"bibr38-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00647-7"},{"key":"bibr39-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117669"},{"key":"bibr40-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.20.2668"},{"key":"bibr41-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321"},{"key":"bibr42-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-1-199501010-00002"},{"key":"bibr43-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511303332201"},{"key":"bibr44-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440430099012"},{"key":"bibr45-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540380073035"},{"key":"bibr46-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.24.2077"},{"key":"bibr47-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802193380801"},{"key":"bibr48-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-4-199802150-00001"},{"key":"bibr49-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.14.1344"},{"key":"bibr50-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050010"},{"key":"bibr51-aph.1C246","first-page":"1895","volume":"85","author":"Fogelman I","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr52-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102013440503"},{"key":"bibr53-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004171"},{"key":"bibr54-aph.1C246","first-page":"3109","volume":"85","author":"Tonino RP","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr55-aph.1C246","first-page":"1492","volume":"85","author":"Ravn P","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr56-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.11.6953"},{"key":"bibr57-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712043372301"},{"key":"bibr58-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.7.637"},{"key":"bibr59-aph.1C246","first-page":"2197","volume":"85","author":"Prestwood KM","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr60-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8325"},{"key":"bibr61-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6853.556"},{"key":"bibr62-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6862.1124"},{"key":"bibr63-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80344-1"},{"key":"bibr64-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900076"},{"key":"bibr65-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00490-3"},{"key":"bibr66-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6697.477"},{"key":"bibr67-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301638"},{"key":"bibr68-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92619-5"},{"key":"bibr69-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298606"},{"key":"bibr70-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00447-5"},{"key":"bibr71-aph.1C246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555844"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1C246","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1345\/aph.1C246","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1C246","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:07:00Z","timestamp":1777374420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1345\/aph.1C246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1345\/aph.1C246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1345\/aph.1c246","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}}}