{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:21:52Z","timestamp":1777418512508,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To describe the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and mechanisms of benefit, formulations available, drug costs, pharmacokinetic profiles, and pertinent clinical studies for long-acting \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -agonists.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCES:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A MEDLINE search was conducted from July 1966 through October 2002.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pertinent articles related to COPD and long-acting \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -agonists.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The incidence and subsequent morbidity and mortality of COPD have increased during the last 4 decades, prompting worldwide initiatives to formulate guidelines to decrease the burden of this disease. COPD is a progressive, irreversible disease state characterized by chronic cough, dyspnea, sputum production, and wheezing, in which no medication has been shown to decrease mortality, excluding oxygen supplementation. Bronchodilators have been a mainstay of COPD treatment through their ability to work by both smooth- and non\u2013smooth-muscle mechanisms. Long-acting \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -agonists (i.e., formoterol, salmeterol) dosed twice daily provide more convenient dosing than 4-times-daily regimens of traditional short-acting bronchodilators. Both formoterol and salmeterol have acceptable adverse event profiles when used at recommended doses. There have been no direct clinical outcome studies comparing formoterol and salmeterol, but both have shown some benefits over ipratropium and theophylline in improving the symptoms, spirometric indices, exacerbations, and quality of life of patients with COPD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on current evidence, long-acting \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -agonists are acceptable first-line agents for patients with COPD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1c436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T14:30:55Z","timestamp":1059748255000},"page":"1247-1255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Long-Acting Inhaled \u03b2\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    -Agonists for Stable COPD"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"John A","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John A Dougherty MBA PharmD, Assistant Administrative Director, Clinical Services, Pharmacy Department, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany L","family":"Didur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bethany L Didur, PharmD Student, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loutfi S","family":"Aboussouan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loutfi S Aboussouan MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University; Harper University Hospital, Detroit"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5_suppl.113S"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1C436","unstructured":"Percent change in age adjusted death rates, US, 1965\u20131998. www.goldcopd.com (cited 2003 Jan 31)."},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.5.2104055"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2002.06.1225"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1C436","first-page":"S77","volume":"152","author":"Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.2008.S1.5","volume":"52","author":"BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08081398"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200203000-00001"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2101039"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.2_suppl.23S"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007273430407"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(00)90155-0"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5_suppl.121S"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520190043033"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.120.1.258"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.2_suppl.58S"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050547"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5_suppl.151S"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5_suppl.142S"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(97)90103-7"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.3.245"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020380"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(00)90154-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr24-aph.1C436","first-page":"L580","volume":"272","author":"Bloemen PG","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"bibr25-aph.1C436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11010086"},{"key":"bibr26-aph.1C436","volume-title":"Foradil (formoterol fumarate)","author":"Prescribing information","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr27-aph.1C436","unstructured":"2002 Drug topics red book. 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