{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:00:24Z","timestamp":1789092024298,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking cigarettes and other forms of nicotine administration appear to blunt the perception of pain. Abrupt discontinuation of nicotine in nicotine-dependent patients appears to increase the perception of pain. The clinical importance of nicotine's effect on pain perception is not fully understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether smokers who abruptly discontinue smoking as a result of being hospitalized for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) require more postoperative opiate analgesics than nonsmokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective review of patients who underwent a CABG was performed. Smokers (n = 20) were compared with nonsmokers (n = 69) with regard to opiate analgesic use during the first 48 hours postoperatively. The use of nonopiate sedatives was also compared between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When normalized for weight and body mass index, smokers required 23% and 33%, respectively, more opiate analgesics than did nonsmokers (p = 0.027 and 0.023, respectively). The percentage of patients who received benzodiazepines postoperatively was similar in the 2 groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, smokers deprived of nicotine required a greater amount of opiates in the first 48 hours after CABG than did nonsmokers. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the potential for increased narcotic requirements among nicotine-deprived smokers. Further study is needed to determine whether nicotine replacement lessens the requirement for postoperative analgesics in smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1d580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,3]],"date-time":"2004-05-03T20:28:41Z","timestamp":1083616121000},"page":"949-953","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Postoperative Opiate Analgesia Requirements of Smokers and Nonsmokers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Freddy M","family":"Creekmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Freddy M Creekmore PharmD, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph A","family":"Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralph A Lugo PharmD, Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J","family":"Weiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kevin J Weiland MD, Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1D580","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","author":"Taylor P","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1D580","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.2.1.95"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1D580","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.6.1.96"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1D580","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90062-6"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1D580","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00439275"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1D580","unstructured":"First M. 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