{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:32:36Z","timestamp":1777419156567,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prochlorperazine and droperidol were commonly used antiemetics at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center\u2013 Presbyterian Hospital until a shortage of prochlorperazine occurred and a black box warning was added to droperidol prescribing information. Subsequently, promethazine was selected as the approved intravenous antiemetic for therapeutic interchange in December 2001. Promethazine use and adverse drug events (ADEs) were investigated following review of a serious ADE that identified promethazine use as a probable contributing factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To illustrate ADEs associated with promethazine and characterize high-risk patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An ADE database analysis identified promethazine ADEs reported from 2000 to 2003. Promethazine utilization and ADEs were compared with those of other antiemetics during the pre- and post-interchange periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Promethazine utilization increased significantly during the post-interchange period compared with all other antiemetics (p &lt; 0.001). Promethazine ADEs increased from one event during the pre-interchange period to 13 events during the post-interchange period. Causality assessment using the Naranjo algorithm ranged from possible to probable. The promethazine ADE rate per 10 000 doses was significantly higher than the combined ADE rate for all other antiemetics (p &lt; 0.001; incident rate ratio [IRR] 4.32). Elderly patients (aged \u226565 y) experienced more promethazine ADEs than younger patients (p = 0.005; IRR 4.68). Concurrent use of opioids and\/or sedating drugs contributed to promethazine ADEs in 11 of 14 (78.6%) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Geriatric status is a significant risk factor for promethazine ADEs. Concomitant use of sedating drugs may further increase the risk for ADEs. Therapeutic interchange programs should be monitored for both ADEs and utilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1e361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]],"date-time":"2005-01-11T22:13:57Z","timestamp":1105481637000},"page":"255-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Promethazine Adverse Events after Implementation of a Medication Shortage Interchange"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Heena S","family":"Sheth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heena S Sheth MD MPH, Research Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret M","family":"Verrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Margaret M Verrico BSPharm, Drug Information Pharmacist, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Instructor, Drug Information Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J","family":"Skledar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan J Skledar BSPharm MPH, Director, Drug Use and Disease State Management Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adele L","family":"Towers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adele L Towers MD MPH, Vice Chair of Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, Department of Medicine; Assistant Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1E361","unstructured":"1 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Drug Shortages Resource Center. www.ashp.org\/shortage\/antiemetic.cfm (accessed 2004 Mar 14)."},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1E361","unstructured":"2 United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA Medwatch: www.fda.gov\/medwatch\/safety\/2001\/inapsine.htm (accessed 2004 Mar 2)."},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200309000-00049"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000077671.77618.F9"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2003.110"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200207000-00059"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2002.tb02301.x"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1E361","volume-title":"Phenergan (promethazine HCl) injection","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/57.suppl_4.S23"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1E361","unstructured":"10 United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug shortages. www.fda.gov\/cder\/drug\/shortages\/default.htm (accessed 2004 Apr 30)."},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1E361","unstructured":"11 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Drug Shortages Resource Center. www.ashp.org\/shortage\/index.cfm (accessed 2004 Apr 30)."},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288502401002"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80838-8"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1E361","first-page":"159","volume":"10","author":"Irvin SM.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Post Anesth Nurs"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A212"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003727-198208000-00009"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2000.108652"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.1E361","volume-title":"Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach","author":"DiPiro JT","year":"2002","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02962.x"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.1E361","first-page":"18","volume":"29","author":"Pichlmayr I","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anesthetist"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.1E361","first-page":"41","volume":"149","author":"Cole MG","year":"1993","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/48.5.M181"},{"key":"bibr24-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00005"},{"key":"bibr25-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001610-200105000-00011"},{"key":"bibr26-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/46.12.918"},{"key":"bibr27-aph.1E361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.09.007"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1E361","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1345\/aph.1E361","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1E361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:09:39Z","timestamp":1777374579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1345\/aph.1E361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1345\/aph.1E361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1345\/aph.1e361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}}}