{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:41:52Z","timestamp":1777419712914,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the literature on novel immunomodulators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1)- and interleukin (IL)-related agents, 6-thioguanine (6-TG), tacrolimus, and leflunomide, and antibiotics such as ornidazole, rifaximin, and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of Crohn's disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966\u2013January 2006) using the terms Crohn's disease, novel therapies, immunomodulators, and antibiotics. Article references were hand-searched for additional relevant articles and abstracts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection and Data Extraction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. Studies including greater than 5 patients with primarly adult populations were included in the review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are a number of new TNF-\u03b1 and IL-related agents that may be useful for management of Crohn's disease. They include CDP 571, CDP 870, etanercept, onercept, thalidomide, IL-10, and IL-11. Several studies have shown that CDP 571 decreases the Crohn's Disease Activity Index score and is promising, especially in patients with refractory disease. 6-TG, tacrolimus, and leflunomide are among other immunomodulators that appear to have a role in refractory\/severe disease. Finally, ornidazole, rifaximin, and ciprofloxacin are antimicrobials that may be used in patients who have failed other therapies or as adjunctive therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A number of new treatment modalities are being investigated for Crohn's disease. Many of them are promising, and some of these agents may be considered in treatment-refractory patients in the future. However, some of the agents reviewed here are not available in the US. Future studies need to be double-blinded and placebo- or other treatment-controlled in a more homogeneous patient population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1h038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,19]],"date-time":"2006-09-19T22:26:27Z","timestamp":1158704787000},"page":"1804-1813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Novel Therapies for Crohn's Disease: Focus on Immunomodulators and Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Sheila M","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason D","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa L","family":"Osiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pramodini B","family":"Kale-Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1H038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.15.1138.30574"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1H038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03671.x"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1H038","first-page":"561","volume":"34","author":"Hume G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"15","key":"bibr4-aph.1H038","first-page":"36","volume":"38","author":"Hibi T","year":"2003","journal-title":"J 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