{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:33:13Z","timestamp":1777419193657,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]],"date-time":"2008-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPO) are often given admixtures of nebulizable drugs to minimize the time of administration in treatment regimens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the physicochemical compatibility and aerodynamic characteristics of formoterol fumarate 20 \u03bcg\/2 mL when mixed or sequentially nebulized with budesonide inhalation suspension 0.5 mg\/2 mL, ipratropium bromide 0.5 mg\/2.5 mL, cromolyn sodium 20 mg\/2 mL, or acetylcysteine 10% (100 mg\/mL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The admixtures were prepared in triplicate and analyzed for physicochemical compatibility at 0, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after mixing at room temperature. Physical compatibility was determined by visual examination and measurements of pH, osmolality, and turbidity. Chemical stability was evaluated using compendial or in-house-validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay methods. The aerodynamic characteristics of the admixtures or sequentially nebulized drugs were determined from aerosols generated from a Pari LC Plus nebulizer, using an 8-stage cascade impactor followed by HPLC analysis of the deposited drug.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The admixtures remained clear, colorless solutions with no precipitation. except for cloudiness observed in the formoterol\/budesonide combination due to budesonide suspension. The pH, osmolality, and turbidity for all admixtures were within the initial values (=3%), and there were no significant changes (=2%) in potency of the active components throughout the 1-hour study period. Due to increased drug volume or reconcentration in the nebulizer cup, the respirable fraction\/delivered dose increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) for the mixed or sequentially nebulized drug Howover, the fine particle fraction (FPF), mass median aerodynamic diameter, and geometric standard deviation generally remained unchanged for all admixtures, with the exception of FPF for the formoterol\/budesonide combination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate that admixtures of formoterol with budesonide, ipratropium, cromolyn, or acetylcysteine are physically and chemically compatible. However, admixing or sequential nebulization significantly increased the amount of drug delivered compared with single drug nebulization. The clinical implications of the in vitro data in patients with COPD have not been determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1l273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]],"date-time":"2008-09-09T21:09:35Z","timestamp":1220994575000},"page":"1416-1424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Compatibility and Aerosol Characteristic of Formoterol Fumarate Mixed with Other Nebulizing Solutions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Akapo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Development, Dey L.P., Napa, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"June","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Development, Dey L.P."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eloisa","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Development, Dey L.P."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chithra","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Development, Dey L.P."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Development, Dey L.P."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Development, Dey L.P."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2001.1292"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.1.335"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00220001"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2006.03.007"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809703100416"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1L273","first-page":"236","volume":"53","author":"Lesko LJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7174.1995.tb00812.x"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D335"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/62.8.828"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079907X233106"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.5.1206"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2006.19.484"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1L273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(98)00024-X"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1L273","unstructured":"Reviewer guidance for nebulizers, metered dose inhalers, spacers and actuators. 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