{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T18:26:24Z","timestamp":1788200784930,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension and comorbid dementia are common illnesses affecting older adults disproportionally. Medication adherence is vital in achieving therapeutic outcomes. Use of antihypertensive and dementia medications may vary by race\/ethnicity and has not been well explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the utilization of antihypertensive and dementia drugs and adherence in a national cohort of veterans aged 65 years or older with a diagnosis of both hypertension and dementia across different racial\/ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cohort study that used 2 national databases of the Veterans Health Administration to estimate medication utilization and adherence rates among whites, African Americans, and Hispanics from 2000 to 2005. A medication possession ratio of 0.8 or greater defined adherence. The association between race\/ethnicity and adherence was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 56,561 patients (70.5% white, 15.6% African American, 6.6% Hispanic) aged 65 years or older had diagnoses of dementia and hypertension. African Americans were less likely than whites to receive angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), \u03b2-blockers, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and memantine (p &lt; 0.05). Hispanics were more likely than whites to be prescribed an ACE inhibitor and less likely to be prescribed an ARB, \u03b2-blocker, nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker (CCB), loop diuretic, \u03b2-agonist, or potassium-sparing diuretic (PSD) (p &lt; 0.05). Medication adherence was significantly lower in African Americans than whites in all classes except for ARBs, loop diuretics, and PSDs (p &lt; 0.05). Being Hispanic was associated with significantly lower adherence rates than whites for dihydropyridine CCBs and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (p &lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial\/ethnic differences exist in antihypertensive and dementia medication use in a cohort of older adults with hypertension and dementia. Adherence rates for a number of antihypertensive and dementia drugs are lower for minorities compared with whites. Healthcare providers should make special efforts to improve medication adherence among minorities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1l368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]],"date-time":"2009-02-03T23:04:00Z","timestamp":1233702240000},"page":"185-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Medication Use Among Veterans with Hypertension and Dementia: A National Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ivy","family":"Poon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Department, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX; Adjunct Assistant Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lincy S","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoeconomic Research Specialist, Drug Use Policy and Pharmacoeconomics, Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvella E","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Associate Director, Hollings Cancer Center, Cancer Disparity Program, Charleston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula K","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Scientist and Staff Physician, Houston Center for Quality of Care & Utilization Studies, Sections of Geriatrics and Health Services Research, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center; Assistant Professor of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Baylor College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1L368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.4.466"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1L368","first-page":"2112","volume":"366","author":"Ferri CP","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. 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