{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:24:57Z","timestamp":1791221097323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]],"date-time":"2009-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"\n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the prodrug lisdexamfetamine for the treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults and describe its potential place in therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n Primary literature published between January 1, 1990, and August 1, 2008, was selected from PubMed using the search key words lisdexamfetamine, Vyvanse, and NRP104. References of selected publications were also reviewed. Posters and abstracts of research presented at national meetings were reviewed when available. The product labeling for Vyvanse was also used.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Selection and Data Extraction:<\/jats:title>\n Preference was given to published, randomized, and controlled research describing the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of lisdexamfetamine. Noncontrolled studies, postmarketing reports, and poster presentations were considered secondly. All published studies were included.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug of dextroamphetamine covatently bound to Hysine, which is activated during first-pass metabolism. The unique pharmacokinetic profile owing to lisdexamfetamine's prodrug design and rate-limited enzymatic biotransformation allows for once-daily dosing with a duration of activity of approximately 12 hours. Lisdexamfetamine has been proven to reduce the symptoms of ADHD both in children aged 6\u201312 years and adults aged 18\u201355 years, decreasing ADHD rating scale scores by approximately 27 and 19 points, respectively. Adverse effects with an incidence greater than 10% during preclinical trials included appetite suppression, insomnia, and headache. Lisdexamfetamine's unique pharmacokinetic properties may provide additional safety with regard to reducing abuse potential. As with other central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, concerns regarding sudden cardiac death and adverse effects on growth also apply to lisdexamfetamine.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Lisdexamfetamine provides another amphetamine-based CNS stimulant option for treatment of children and adults with ADHD. However, its use may be limited by a lack of significant differentiation when compared with cunently used stimulants and a lack of evidence to support its use in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1l521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,24]],"date-time":"2009-03-24T22:48:45Z","timestamp":1237934925000},"page":"669-676","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Lisdexamfetamine for Treatment of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Brian J","family":"Cowles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Rd., Kingston, RI 02881"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e318054e724"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000215326.51175.eb"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.11.008"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900013687"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1L521","first-page":"121","author":"Hoffman B","year":"2007","journal-title":"Basic and clinical pharmacology"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1L521","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Goodman and Gillman's the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics","author":"Westfall T","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(97)00175-7"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054706295605"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00093.x"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1L521","volume-title":"Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate)","author":"Package insert","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1L521","author":"Jasinski DR","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol Epub"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079908X242737"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.015"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270007310381"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285290000239X"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1L521","first-page":"47","volume":"34","author":"Wigal SB","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(07)80083-X"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705470100500204"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900016898"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.1L521","author":"Adler L","year":"2007","journal-title":"Presented at: 54th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1L240"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.1L521","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.011973"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.1L521","unstructured":"Shire Pharmaceutical Development. 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