{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:18:57Z","timestamp":1777418337847,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,24]],"date-time":"2010-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1282608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the efficacy and safety of psychostimulants for negative behavioral symptoms (ie, apathy, excessive daytime sedation) and cognition in patients with dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature was accessed through PubMed and MEDLINE (1966\u2013June 2010), using the terms stimulant, psychostimulant, methyiphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine. atomoxetine, modafinil, armodafinil, dementia, Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, mixed dementia, frontotemporal dementia, therapy, treatment, and therapeutic. Additional references identified from the initial search were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection and Data Extraction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All relevant clinical trials published in English and involving primarily older adults with dementia were included. Case reports, review articles, and other preclinical literature were included as appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychostimulants have been employed as a treatment for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia for decades, but the literature has lagged behind this practice. Eight reports on use of psychostimulants as a treatment of apathy in dementia were reviewed. Methyiphenidate was the most frequently studied medication and improvements in apathy were consistently noted; however, the magnitude and duration of effect remain unclear. Six studies examining the cognitive effects of a variety of psychostimulants in patients with dementia were reviewed; psychostimulants had little to no effect on cognition. A lack of studies exists to draw conclusions about the use of psychostimulants for the treatment of excessive daytime sedation in dementia. The possibility of psychostimulants to increase blood pressure; elevate heart rate; and lead to irritability, agitation, and psychosis makes careful patient selection critical, especially in older adults with severe cardiovascular disease or other underlying cardiac abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on limited studies, methyiphenidate is a possible treatment for apathy in patients with dementia. Psychostimulants, as a group, do not appear to be broadly effective treatments for behavioral or cognitive symptoms of dementia. The potential utility of psychostimulants must be balanced with careful patient selection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1p341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,24]],"date-time":"2010-08-24T22:49:50Z","timestamp":1282690190000},"page":"1624-1632","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Use of Psychostimulants in Patients with Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Christian R","family":"Dolder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Wingate University, Wingate, NC; Clinical Pharmacist, Carolinas Medical Center NorthEast, Concord, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Nicole Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Wingate University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"McKinsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Behavioral Medicine Unit, Carolinas Medical Center NorthEast"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1P341","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 2nd ed. www.psychiatryonline.com\/pracGuide\/PracticePDFs\/AlzPG1010007.pdf (accessed 2010 Apr 5)."},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1P341","unstructured":"American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Principles of care for patients with dementia resulting from Alzheimer disease. www.agpgpa.org\/prof\/position_caredmnalz.asp (accessed 2010 Apr 5)."},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200724020-00007"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.5.596"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318170a6d1"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.11.1388"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000097757"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200102000-00009"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200307000-00006"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1034"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.653"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1P341","first-page":"942","volume":"13","author":"Tariot PN","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180cc1ff5"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04828"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200112)16:1+<::AID-GPS566>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.737"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49282.x"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200303000-00012"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.3.314"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200724070-00003"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.069575"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000074280"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PadalaPR, BurkeWJ, ShostromVK. Methylphenidate for apathy and functional status in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry;18:371\u20134.","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181cabcf6"},{"key":"bibr24-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.130"},{"key":"bibr25-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200506000-00004"},{"key":"bibr26-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161029200125X"},{"key":"bibr27-aph.1P341","author":"Freels S","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"bibr28-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/11.2.121"},{"key":"bibr29-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1998.tb02542.x"},{"key":"bibr30-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1214"},{"key":"bibr31-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2005.09.009"},{"key":"bibr32-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181aad585"},{"key":"bibr33-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000155067.16313.5e"},{"key":"bibr34-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881104042625"},{"key":"bibr35-aph.1P341","author":"Lindenmayer JP","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr36-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01235-5"},{"key":"bibr37-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.4.1065"},{"key":"bibr38-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03006670"},{"key":"bibr39-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20203"},{"key":"bibr40-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n1219a"},{"key":"bibr41-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000191304.55196.4d"},{"key":"bibr42-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.08.007"},{"key":"bibr43-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.10.018"},{"key":"bibr44-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341932.21961.f3"},{"key":"bibr45-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22702"},{"key":"bibr46-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00540.x"},{"key":"bibr47-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318172b479"},{"key":"bibr48-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000103633"},{"key":"bibr49-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300886"},{"key":"bibr50-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.10.1325"},{"key":"bibr51-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.596"},{"key":"bibr52-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1H302"},{"key":"bibr53-aph.1P341","author":"Wilens TE","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr54-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378402900112"},{"key":"bibr55-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2007.19.1.81"},{"key":"bibr56-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.2.231"},{"key":"bibr57-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1975.tb00317.x"},{"key":"bibr58-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988703016002009"},{"key":"bibr59-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199404000-00008"},{"key":"bibr60-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90040-V"},{"key":"bibr61-aph.1P341","first-page":"183","volume":"69","author":"Branconnier RJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc"},{"key":"bibr62-aph.1P341","first-page":"1330","volume":"41","author":"Roccaforte WH","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr63-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02414.x"},{"key":"bibr64-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1709"},{"key":"bibr65-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-009-0004-2"},{"key":"bibr66-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3180381521"},{"key":"bibr67-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2007.08.001"},{"key":"bibr68-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1863"},{"key":"bibr69-aph.1P341","first-page":"1","volume":"22","year":"2005","journal-title":"NIH Consens Sci Statements"},{"key":"bibr70-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200623060-00005"},{"key":"bibr71-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.7.1116"},{"key":"bibr72-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1305"},{"key":"bibr73-aph.1P341","first-page":"46","volume":"13","author":"Crook T","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr74-aph.1P341","unstructured":"Product information. Ritalin (methylphenidate). East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals, April 2009."},{"key":"bibr75-aph.1P341","unstructured":"Product information. Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine). Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, September 2009."},{"key":"bibr76-aph.1P341","unstructured":"Product information. Strattera (atomoxetine). Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company, June 2009."},{"key":"bibr77-aph.1P341","unstructured":"Product information. Provigil (modafinil). Frazer, PA: Cephalon, March 2008."},{"key":"bibr78-aph.1P341","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA directs ADHD drug manufacturers to notify patients about cardiovascular and psychiatric adverse events. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/2007\/ucm108849.htm (accessed 2010 Apr 26)."},{"key":"bibr79-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.22.2716"},{"key":"bibr80-aph.1P341","first-page":"948","volume":"121","author":"Lloyd-Jones D","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bibr81-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.9.1154"},{"key":"bibr82-aph.1P341","unstructured":"Product information. Nuvigil (armodafinil). Frazer, PA: Cephalon, January 2010."},{"key":"bibr83-aph.1P341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1279"},{"key":"bibr84-aph.1P341","unstructured":"United States National Institutes of Health. ClinicalTrials.gov. http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 2010 June 30)."}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1P341","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1P341","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:07:03Z","timestamp":1777374423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1345\/aph.1P341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,24]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1345\/aph.1P341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1345\/aph.1p341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,24]]}}}