{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:18:23Z","timestamp":1792102703664,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]],"date-time":"2011-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the literature and identify alternatives to sodium amobarbital for use in the Wada test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search of PubMed (1960-October 2010) was performed using the following key words alone or in combination: Wada test, intracarotid amobarbital procedure, intracarotid, intraarterial, sodium amobarbital, methohexital, Brevital, pentobarbital, etomidate, propofol, and alternative anesthetics. References of the identified articles were reviewed for relevant information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection and Data Extraction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. Review included comparative, prospective, and retrospective studies along with case series and case reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methohexital, pentobarbital, etomidate, and propofol have all been studied as alternatives to sodium amobarbital in the Wada test. Four controlled experimental trials, 1 uncontrolled experimental trial, 6 retrospective chart reviews, and 2 case reports were reviewed. Methohexital, pentobarbital, and propofol required a second injection due to their short duration of action. Etomidate was studied as a bolus injection followed by a continuous infusion until the critical speech and memory tests were administered, which differed from the standard Wada test procedure. Patients had an increased risk of seizures with methohexital, whereas 1 patient developed transient respiratory depression immediately after receiving pentobarbital. Furthermore, propofol caused increased tone with twitching and rhythmic movements, which interfered with the completion of the Wada test for 1 patient. All authors concluded that these agents were equivalent to amobarbital for the Wada test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methohexital, pentobarbital, etomidate, and propofol are viable alternatives to sodium amobarbital for use in the Wada test, but each has shortcomings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1p476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,16]],"date-time":"2011-02-16T14:54:17Z","timestamp":1297868057000},"page":"395-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Alternatives to Sodium Amobarbital in the Wada Test"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Akta","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Wordell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PGY-2 Specialty Residency in Drug Information; Medication Use Policy, Research and Clinical Services, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorata","family":"Szarlej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Neurosurgery\/Critical Care, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.05.014"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01012.x"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000170242.63948.17"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-007-0075-6"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199707000-00004"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb00067.x"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.00902.x"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328328f32e"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000192630.02278.99"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.08.001"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.1.20"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.09.001"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2009.08.002"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.05.010"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187975.78433.cb"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100006314","volume":"36","author":"Jones-Gotman M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03012106"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2000000200024"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000133199.65776.18"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000176988.87336.ff"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.1P476","first-page":"1302","volume":"21","author":"Masters Lt","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.12.023"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.50.622"},{"key":"bibr24-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.9.1327"},{"key":"bibr25-aph.1P476","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05055.x"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1P476","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1345\/aph.1P476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:08:27Z","timestamp":1777374507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1345\/aph.1P476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1345\/aph.1P476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1345\/aph.1p476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]}}}