{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:23:18Z","timestamp":1784744598365,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]],"date-time":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the current legal status and patterns of abuse of bath salts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1950-December 2011), PubMed (1966\u2013December 2011), EMBASE (1966-December 2011), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-December 2011) using the search terms bath salts, mephedrone, and methylenedioxypyrovalerone to identify articles on the legal status of bath salts and on studies focusing on patterns of abuse of bath salts. The GovTrack.us Web site was searched to determine the status of federal bills regarding bath salts. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy and Drug Enforcement Administration Web sites and the Federal Registerwere also examined to identify legislation on bath salts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Selection and Data Extraction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case reports and studies regarding bath salts were examined. Federal laws involving bath salts were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Department of Justice issued a final order in the Federal Register, temporarily placing the 3 synthetic stimulants, mephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone, and methylone, under Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Literature evaluated included case reports, retrospective studies, surveys, toxicology data, and chemical analyses studies. Information in the literature demonstrated that bath salts are highly abused, and common adverse effects include hypertension, tachycardia, and psychiatric symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychoactive substances recently sold as bath salts have been placed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Pharmacists can play an important role in raising awareness on the dangers of bath salts abuse through patient counseling and community outreach programs. The evidence on legal status and patterns of abuse clearly demonstrates that bath salts contain dangerous substances that should be permanently controlled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1q628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,3]],"date-time":"2012-03-03T18:51:46Z","timestamp":1330800706000},"page":"436-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts): Legal Status and Patterns of Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Fass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Center for Consumer Health Informatics Research, Ft. Lauderdale, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea D","family":"Fass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences\u2013Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY; Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Ambulatory Care, Montefiore Medical Group, Comprehensive Family Care Center, Bronx, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela S","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Center for Consumer Health Informatics Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"US Department of Justice. Drug alert watch: increasing abuse of bath salts, www.justice.gov\/ndic\/pubs43\/43474\/sw0007p.pdf (accessed 2011 Nov 18)."},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"ABC News. \u2018Imitation cocaine\u2019 killed Florida man, say authorities. http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Blotter\/bath-salts-killed-florida-man-authorities\/story?id=13746152 (accessed 2011 Nov 18)."},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"The Florida Senate. Chapter 2011-90 Senate House Bill 1039(2011). http:\/\/Laws.flrules.org\/files\/Ch_2011-090.pdf (accessed 2011 Nov 18)."},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1Q628","first-page":"204","volume":"76","year":"2011","journal-title":"Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2070-x"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010791526042"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration. Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drugs_concern\/mdpv.pdf (accessed 2011 Nov 18)."},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"US Drug Enforcement Administration. Schedules of controlled substances. 21 U.S.C. 812 (1). www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/21cfr\/21usc\/812.htm (accessed 2011 Nov 17)."},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"US Drug Enforcement Administration. 21 U.S.C. 811. Authority to control; standards and schedules, www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/21cfr\/21usc\/811.htm (accessed 2011 Nov 17)."},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (amendment) order 2010. No. 1207. Dangerous drugs, www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2010\/1207\/pdfs\/uksi_20101207_en.pdf (accessed 2011 Nov 18)."},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60559-4"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1Q628","first-page":"624","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03130.x"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.011"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62021-1"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1Q628","first-page":"56","volume":"13","author":"Simu MI","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"bibr17-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.493290","volume":"48","author":"Dargan PI","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"bibr18-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.11.001"},{"key":"bibr19-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.014"},{"key":"bibr20-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq134"},{"key":"bibr21-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03502.x"},{"key":"bibr22-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110378370"},{"key":"bibr23-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3564"},{"key":"bibr24-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.096636"},{"key":"bibr25-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.316"},{"key":"bibr26-aph.1Q628","first-page":"640","volume":"33","author":"Antonowicz JL","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr27-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.03.014"},{"key":"bibr28-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2011.112920"},{"key":"bibr29-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.103093"},{"key":"bibr30-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.12.014"},{"key":"bibr31-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.531021"},{"key":"bibr32-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.209338"},{"key":"bibr33-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60891-4"},{"key":"bibr34-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-010-0636-6"},{"key":"bibr35-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.3.162"},{"key":"bibr36-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.3.188"},{"key":"bibr37-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.110.032433"},{"key":"bibr38-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.05.014"},{"key":"bibr39-aph.1Q628","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0196-9"},{"key":"bibr40-aph.1Q628","unstructured":"American Association of Poison Control Centers. 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