{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:51:41Z","timestamp":1787021501857,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]],"date-time":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, no data exist regarding the effect of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol on heart rate in pediatric cardiology patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare heart rate change in pediatric cardiology patients receiving levalbuterol and\/or racemic albuterol. The secondary objective was to identify characteristics associated with heart rate changes observed with these drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A review of electronic medical records at a pediatric academic hospital was conducted to determine the equivalence of heart rate change in patients receiving levalbuterol or racemic albuterol. Patients receiving at least 3 doses of levalbuterol and\/or racemic albuterol during the study period were included if they were younger than 18 years and had a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD), cardiomyopathy, or supraventricular tachycardia. Patients were excluded if they received a \u03b2-blocker or continuous racemic albuterol or did not have documented pre- and postdose heart rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred ninety-two patients were included. One hundred forty-two received racemic albuterol, 40 received levalbuterol, and 10 received both racemic albuterol and levalbuterol. The mean increase in heart rate for patients receiving racemic albuterol and levalbuterol was 6.8 beats\/min and 6.2 beats\/min, respectively (p = 0.01). In patients with CHD, the racemic albuterol group experienced a mean heart rate increase of 6.6 beats\/min compared to 6.3 beats\/min in the levalbuterol group (p = 0.01). Equivalence was also determined in patients without surgical intervention and patients receiving concomitant cardiac and respiratory medications. Equivalence was not established in other analyzed subgroups secondary to insufficient sample sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racemic albuterol and levalbuterol were associated with increased heart rate in pediatric cardiology patients. This increase was found to be equivalent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1s003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,24]],"date-time":"2013-04-24T00:09:20Z","timestamp":1366762160000},"page":"644-650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Comparison of Heart Rate Changes Associated with Levalbuterol and Racemic Albuterol in Pediatric Cardiology Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne Kelly PharmD BCPS, Pediatric Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audrey Kennedy PharmD BCPS, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Cardiology, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barnabas M","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barnabas M John PharmD BCPS, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Administrative Sciences\u2013Tulsa, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blythe","family":"Duane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blythe Duane PharmD BCPS, Critical Care Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Lemanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jack Lemanowicz BSPharm MS, Director of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeff Little PharmD MPH BCPS, Assistant Director of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.04.013"},{"key":"bibr2-aph.1S003","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","author":"Westfall TC","year":"2006","edition":"11"},{"key":"bibr3-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.119152"},{"key":"bibr4-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.31.8.748"},{"key":"bibr5-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.129966"},{"key":"bibr6-aph.1S003","first-page":"160","volume":"9","author":"Eades S","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"bibr7-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0056-7"},{"key":"bibr8-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0030-4"},{"key":"bibr9-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2010.05.003"},{"key":"bibr10-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2008.547"},{"key":"bibr11-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2007.08.013"},{"key":"bibr12-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-16.3.191"},{"key":"bibr13-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70233-2"},{"key":"bibr14-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/60.19.1971"},{"key":"bibr15-aph.1S003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.02.001"},{"key":"bibr16-aph.1S003","unstructured":"16. 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