{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:28:44Z","timestamp":1790623724218,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,16]],"date-time":"2010-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1292457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3393,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Social Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During the 1998 Football World Cup Finals in France, English supporters were, once again, involved in major incidents of collective \u2018disorder\u2019. Explanations for these incidents concentrated on the conflictual norms held by \u2018hooligans\u2019. In contrast, Scottish supporters attending the tournament displayed norms of non\u2010violence, explained by the popular press in terms of the absence of \u2018hooligans\u2019. This study challenges this tendency to explain the presence or absence of \u2018disorder\u2019 in the context of football solely in terms of the presence or absence of \u2018hooligan\u2019 fans. Using data obtained from an ethnographic study of both Scottish and English supporters attending the tournament (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 121), we examine the processes through which ordinarily \u2018peaceful\u2019 supporters would or would not become involved in collective conflict. In line with the Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM) of crowd behaviour, the analysis highlights the role of the intergroup context. Where out\u2010group activity was understood as illegitimate in in\u2010group terms, in\u2010group members redefined their identity such that violent action toward out\u2010group members came to be understood as legitimate. By contrast, where there was no out\u2010group hostility, in\u2010group members defined themselves through an explicit contrast with the \u2018hooligan\u2019 supporters of rival teams. This analysis represents an advance on previous studies of crowd behaviour by demonstrating how the ESIM can account for not only the presence, but also the absence, of collective \u2018disorder\u2019.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1348\/014466601164876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,15]],"date-time":"2003-02-15T00:23:45Z","timestamp":1045268625000},"page":"359-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["\u2018Hooligans\u2019 abroad? Inter\u2010group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective \u2018disorder\u2019 at the 1998 World Cup Finals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Clifford","family":"Stott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hutchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Drury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,16]]},"container-title":["British Journal of Social Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1348%2F014466601164876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1348\/014466601164876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:40:06Z","timestamp":1761748806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1348\/014466601164876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1348\/014466601164876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466601164876","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-6665","2044-8309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-6665","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}}}