{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:31:44Z","timestamp":1790854304546,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,24]],"date-time":"2010-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1422,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Health Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Despite the widespread belief that orthodontics improves psychological well\u2010being and self\u2010esteem, there is little objective evidence to support this (; ). A 20 year follow\u2010up study compared the dental and psychosocial status of individuals who received, or did not receive, orthodontics as teenagers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A prospective longitudinal cohort design with four studies of the effect of orthodontic treatment. Secondary analysis of outcome data incorporated orthodontic need at baseline and treatment received in a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A multidisciplinary research programme studied a cohort of 1,018, 11\u201312 year old participants in 1981. Extensive assessment of dental health and psychosocial well\u2010being was conducted; facial and dental photographs and plaster casts of dentition were obtained and rated for attractiveness and pre\u2010treatment need. No recommendations about orthodontic treatment were made, and an observational approach was adopted. At the third follow\u2010up 337 (30\u201331 year olds) were re\u2010examined in 2001.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Participants with a prior need for orthodontic treatment as children who obtained treatment demonstrated better tooth alignment and satisfaction. However when self\u2010esteem at baseline was controlled for, orthodontics had little positive impact on psychological health and quality of life in adulthood. Lack of orthodontic treatment where there was a prior need did not lead to psychological difficulties in later life. Dental status alone was a weak predictor of self\u2010esteem at outcome explaining 8% of the variance. Self\u2010esteem in adulthood was more strongly predicted (65% of the variance) by psychological variables at outcome: perception of quality of life, life satisfaction, self\u2010efficacy, depression, social anxiety, emotional health, and by self\u2010perception of attractiveness.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Longitudinal analysis revealed that the observed effect of orthodontic treatment on self esteem at outcome was accounted for by self esteem at baseline. Prior need for treatment assessed in childhood made a small contribution to the prediction of self\u2010esteem 20 years later in adulthood. Dental status in adulthood, whilst statistically significant, appeared to be of minor importance in a model that included other psychological variables. When prior need for treatment was taken into account there was little objective evidence to support the assumption that orthodontics improves long\u2010term psychological health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1348\/135910706x96896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,3]],"date-time":"2007-02-03T01:27:51Z","timestamp":1170466071000},"page":"17-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The Cardiff dental study: A 20\u2010year critical evaluation of the psychological health gain from orthodontic treatment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pamela M.","family":"Kenealy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kingdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"In the eye of the beholder: Contemporary issues in stereotyping","author":"Adams G. 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