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In the present study, different models of causation between childhood GAB and parent\u2013child relationships were tested. Direction of causation modelling was applied to twin data from a population\u2010based sample (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2,565) of Finnish 33\u2010 to 43\u2010year\u2010old twins. Participants completed retrospective self\u2010report questionnaires. Five different models of causation were then fitted to the data: GAB \u2192 parent\u2013child relationship, parent\u2013child relationship \u2192 GAB, reciprocal causation, a bivariate genetic model, and a model assuming no correlation. It was found that a model in which GAB and quality of mother\u2013child, and father\u2013child relationship reciprocally affect each other best fitted the data. The findings are discussed in light of how we should understand, including causality, the association between GAB and parent\u2013child relationship.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1348\/2044-835x.002004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,16]],"date-time":"2010-12-16T13:08:46Z","timestamp":1292504926000},"page":"214-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Testing causal models of the relationship between childhood gender atypical behaviour and parent\u2013child relationship"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Katarina","family":"Alanko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"Santtila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benny","family":"Salo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Jern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. 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