{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T19:12:49Z","timestamp":1779390769511,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A review of hospital records was conducted for children evaluated for autism spectrum disorders who completed both the Leiter International Performance Scale\u2014Revised (Leiter-R) and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th Edition (SB5). Participants were between 3 and 12\u00a0years of age. Diagnoses were autistic disorder (n \u200a=\u200a 26, 55%) and pervasive developmental disorder\u2013not otherwise specified (n \u200a=\u200a 21, 45%). Analysis showed that the full sample received significantly higher scores on the Leiter-R than SB5 (mean discrepancy of 20.91\u00a0points), specific diagnosis was not a significant factor, and younger children had a larger discrepancy between tests. These analyses strongly suggest that the Leiter-R and the SB5 may not be equivalent measures of intellectual functioning in children with autism spectrum disorders, and that use of one or the other exclusively could lead to misclassification of intellectual capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.1.44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,9]],"date-time":"2013-01-09T19:43:28Z","timestamp":1357760608000},"page":"44-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Comparison of the Leiter International Performance Scale\u2014Revised and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th Edition, in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Sabrina Nicole","family":"Grondhuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Mulick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Amaral1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780195371826.001.0001","volume-title":"Autism spectrum disorders","author":"Amaral","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-American1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Banach1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0612-4","article-title":"Brief report: Relationship between non-verbal IQ and gender in autism","volume":"39","author":"Banach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Bolte1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020734325815","article-title":"The relation between general cognitive level and adaptive behavior domains in individuals with autism with and without co-morbid mental retardation","volume":"33","author":"Bolte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Bracken1","volume-title":"Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test examiner's manual","author":"Bracken","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-BradleyJohnson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6807(199804)35:2<195::AID-PITS14>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Test reviews: Leiter International Performance Scale\u2014Revised","volume":"35","author":"Bradley-Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Bryson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<97::AID-MRDD6>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Epidemiology of autism: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and implications for research and service delivery","volume":"4","author":"Bryson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Campbell1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm138","article-title":"Evidence-based assessment of cognitive functioning in pediatric psychology","volume":"33","author":"Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Charman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000991","article-title":"IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the SNAP project","volume":"41","author":"Charman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Coolican1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0368-2","article-title":"Brief report: Data on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (5th ed) in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"38","author":"Coolican","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-DeThorne1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2004\/029)","article-title":"A guide to child nonverbal IQ measures","volume":"13","author":"DeThorne","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Fombonne1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025054610557","article-title":"Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: An update","volume":"33","author":"Fombonne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Fombonne2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"66","author":"Fombonne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Hooper1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20136","article-title":"Concurrent validity of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test and the Leiter International Performance Scale\u2014Revised","volume":"43","author":"Hooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Kuschner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0209-8","article-title":"Patterns of nonverbal cognitive functioning in young children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"37","author":"Kuschner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Lecavalier1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8065-6_4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability","author":"Lecavalier","year":"2011","journal-title":"International handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Leiter1","volume-title":"Leiter International Performance Scale, instruction manual","author":"Leiter","year":"1979"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Lennen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.09.004","article-title":"Verbal prowess equals higher IQ: Implications for evaluating autism","volume":"4","author":"Lennen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Leyfer1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0123-0","article-title":"Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders","volume":"36","author":"Leyfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Lord1","article-title":"A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders","author":"Lord","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Lord2","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule","author":"Lord","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Lord3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02212853","article-title":"The role of age at assessment, developmental level, and test in the stability of intelligence scores in young autistic children","volume":"19","author":"Lord","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Maltz1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531616","article-title":"Comparison of cognitive deficits among autistic and retarded children on the Arthur Adaptation of the Leiter International Performance Scales","volume":"11","author":"Maltz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Matson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.06.003","article-title":"Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders","volume":"30","author":"Matson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Mayes1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024462719081","article-title":"Analysis of WISC-III, Stanford-Binet IV, and academic achievement test scores in children with autism","volume":"33","author":"Mayes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Pickett1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e318190d185","article-title":"Speech acquisition in older nonverbal individuals with autism: A review of features, methods, and prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Pickett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Reeve1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.3.458","article-title":"Brief report: A validation of the Leiter International Performance Scale with kindergarten children","volume":"31","author":"Reeve","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Roid1","volume-title":"Stanford-Binet intelligence scales (5th ed.)","author":"Roid","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Roid2","volume-title":"Leiter international performance scale\u2014Revised","author":"Roid","year":"1997"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Roid3","first-page":"265","article-title":"Nonverbal intellectual and cognitive assessment with the Leiter International Performance Scale\u2014Revised (Leiter-R)","author":"Roid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Practitioner's guide to assessing intelligence and achievement"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Rumsey1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2456-8_3","article-title":"Neuropsychological studies of high-level autism","author":"Rumsey","year":"1992","journal-title":"High-functioning individuals with autism"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Sattler1","volume-title":"Assessment of children: Cognitive applications (5th ed)","author":"Sattler","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Silverman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2009.12.005","article-title":"Stanford-Binet and WAIS IQ differences and their implications for adults with intellectual disability (aka mental retardation)","volume":"38","author":"Silverman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Sparrow1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963099004989","article-title":"Recent advances in the assessment of intelligence and cognition","volume":"41","author":"Sparrow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-TagerFlusberg1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939345.ch12","article-title":"Language and communication in autism","author":"Tager-Flusberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Tsastsanis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022274219808","article-title":"Concurrent validity and classification accuracy of the Leiter and Leiter-R in low-functioning children with autism","volume":"33","author":"Tsastsanis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Volkmar1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01046103","article-title":"Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"23","author":"Volkmar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"2020060217485950400_i1944-7558-118-1-44-Wechsler1","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014Fourth edition (WISC-IV)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/118\/1\/44\/2024990\/1944-7558-118_1_44.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/118\/1\/44\/2024990\/1944-7558-118_1_44.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:36:04Z","timestamp":1768322164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article\/118\/1\/44\/336\/Comparison-of-the-Leiter-International-Performance"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-118.1.44","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-7558","1944-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-7558","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1944-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}}}