{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:30:38Z","timestamp":1790422238240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prenatal and perinatal risk factors associated with intellectual disability (ID) were studied in 8-year-old Utah children from a 1994 birth cohort (N \u200a=\u200a 26,108) using broad ascertainment methods and birth records following the most current recording guidelines. Risk factor analyses were performed inclusive and exclusive of children with a known or suspected underlying genetic disorder. Risk factors identified were poly\/oligohydramnios, advanced paternal\/maternal age, prematurity, fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes, primary\/repeat cesarean sections, low birth weight, assisted ventilation greater than 30\u00a0min, small-for-gestational age, low Apgar scores, and congenital infection. Although several risk factors lost significance once children with underlying genetic disorders were excluded, socioeconomic variables were among those that maintained a prominent association with increased ID risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.2.156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T12:41:01Z","timestamp":1362573661000},"page":"156-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Prenatal and Perinatal Factors Associated with Intellectual Disability"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Bilder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Pinborough-Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda V.","family":"Bakian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josette T.","family":"Dorius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Nangle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Alexander1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A United States national reference for fetal growth","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Braun1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2009.01056.x","article-title":"The effect of maternal prenatal tobacco smoke on intellectual disabilities among 8-year-old children in Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, and Utah","volume":"23","author":"Braun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Buescher1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.8.1163","article-title":"The quality of the new birth certificate data: A validation study in North Carolina","volume":"83","author":"Buescher","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Cans1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216229900050X","article-title":"Aetiological findings and associated factors in children with severe mental retardation","volume":"41","author":"Cans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Chapman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2002)107<0046:ERFFMR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Early risk factors for mental retardation: Role of maternal age and maternal education","volume":"107","author":"Chapman","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Retardation"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Chapman2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2008)113[102:PHATTS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Public health approach to the study of mental retardation","volume":"113","author":"Chapman","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Retardation"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Collier1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-006-0085-z","article-title":"Modifiable risk factor for low birth weight and their effect on cerebral palsy and mental retardation","volume":"11","author":"Collier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Croen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E86","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.e86","article-title":"The epidemiology of mental retardation of unknown cause","volume":"107","author":"Croen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Dobie1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021875026135","article-title":"How well do birth certificates describe the pregnancies they report? The Washington State experience with low-risk pregnancies","volume":"2","author":"Dobie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Drews1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.329","article-title":"Variation in the influence of selected sociodemographic risk factors for mental retardation","volume":"85","author":"Drews","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Ecker1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117364","article-title":"Increased risk of cesarean delivery with advancing maternal age: Indications and associated factors in nulliparous women","volume":"185","author":"Ecker","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Green1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009490","article-title":"Are we underestimating rates of vaginal birth after previous cesarean birth? The validity of delivery methods from birth certificates","volume":"147","author":"Green","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Hagberg1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(83)80072-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of mental retardation\u2014A Swedish survey","volume":"5","author":"Hagberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Development"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Heikura1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm291","article-title":"Variations in prenatal sociodemographic factors associated with intellectual disability: A study of the 20-year interval between two birth cohorts in northern Finland","volume":"167","author":"Heikura","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Hosmer1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146","volume-title":"Applied logistic regression (2nd ed.)","author":"Hosmer","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Hou1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.1998.00104.x","article-title":"An epidemiological and aetiological study of children with intellectual disability in Taiwan","volume":"42","author":"Hou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Kattwinkel1","volume-title":"Textbook of neonatal resuscitation, fourth edition","author":"Kattwinkel","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Kok1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10046.x","article-title":"Outcome of very preterm small for gestational age infants: the first nine years of life","volume":"105","author":"Kok","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Leonard1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10031","article-title":"The epidemiology of mental retardation: Challenges and opportunities in the new millennium","volume":"8","author":"Leonard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Leuthner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2004.01.016","article-title":"Low Apgar scores and the definition of birth asphyxia","volume":"51","author":"Leuthner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Matte1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7308.310","article-title":"Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7\u00a0years: Cohort study","volume":"323","author":"Matte","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-McCowan1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02737.x","article-title":"Risk factors for small-for-gestational-age infants by customized birthweight centiles: Data from an international prospective cohort study","volume":"117","author":"McCowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Nelson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.68.1.36","article-title":"Apgar scores as predictors of chronic neurologic disability","volume":"68","author":"Nelson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Obi1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-116.5.360","article-title":"Effect of incorporating adaptive functioning scores on the prevalence of intellectual disability","volume":"116","author":"Obi","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Partington1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(20000501)92:1<57::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Genes on the X chromosome are important in undiagnosed mental retardation","volume":"92","author":"Partington","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Paz1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.110131","article-title":"Term infants with fetal growth restriction are not at increased risk for low intelligence scores at age 17\u00a0years","volume":"138","author":"Paz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Rantakallio1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.60.10.946","article-title":"Risk factors for mental retardation","volume":"60","author":"Rantakallio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Raum1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.1.81","article-title":"The impact of maternal education on intrauterine growth: A comparison of former West and East Germany","volume":"30","author":"Raum","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Riskin1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00268.x","article-title":"The relationship between delivery mode and mortality in very low birthweight singleton vertex-presenting infants","volume":"111","author":"Riskin","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Tamaru1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2010.10.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants at 18\u00a0months of corrected age associated with prenatal risk factors","volume":"87","author":"Tamaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Human Development"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-TrujilloHernandez1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-001-0255-6","article-title":"Frequency of, indications for and clinical epidemiological characteristics of first time cesarean section, compared with repeated cesarean section","volume":"267","author":"Trujillo-Hernandez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Williams1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009897","article-title":"Is maternal age a risk factor for mental retardation among children","volume":"149","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-World1","volume-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, ninth revision, clinical modification, ICD-9-CM. (4th ed.)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1997"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-YearginAllsopp1","first-page":"624","article-title":"The Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study Staff. A multiple-source method for studying the prevalence of developmental disabilities in children: The metropolitan Atlanta developmental disabilities study","volume":"89","author":"Yeargin-Allsopp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-YearginAllsopp2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.324","article-title":"Mild mental retardation in black and white children in metropolitan Atlanta: A case-control study","volume":"85","author":"Yeargin-Allsopp","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-YearginAllsopp3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07401.x","article-title":"Reported biomedical causes and associated medical conditions for mental retardation among 10-year-old children, metropolitan Atlanta, 1985 to 1987","volume":"39","author":"Yeargin-Allsopp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"2020060218564347800_i1944-7558-118-2-156-Zhang1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.06.058","article-title":"Contemporary cesarean delivery practice in the United States","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"}],"container-title":["American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/156\/2025341\/1944-7558-118_2_156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/156\/2025341\/1944-7558-118_2_156.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:36:05Z","timestamp":1768322165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article\/118\/2\/156\/1154\/Prenatal-and-Perinatal-Factors-Associated-with"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-118.2.156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-7515","1944-7558"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-7515","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7558","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}}}