{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:38:37Z","timestamp":1781649517596,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Research suggests that people with a Williams syndrome (WS) or Down syndrome (DS) diagnosis display an increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when compared to the general population. This study aimed to examine characteristics of ASD in a group of children with DS or WS. Results suggest that children with DS and WS exhibit higher levels of autism symptoms than the general population, particularly in the area of unusual behaviors, and that these elevations are not solely due to deficits in adaptive behavior. There are many possible explanations for these elevations, such as issues with measurement, etiological overlap, or similar behavioral phenotypes. More research is needed to further our understanding of the overlap of ASD symptoms in these populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-126.1.58","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T17:50:27Z","timestamp":1609177827000},"page":"58-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children With Down Syndrome and Williams Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Kirchner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rebecca M. Kirchner and Katherine M. Walton, The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rebecca M. Kirchner and Katherine M. Walton, The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-AmericanPsychiatricAssociation1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association.\n          (2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Psychiatric Publishing."},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Asada1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asada,\n              K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tItakura,S.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial phenotypes of autism spectrum disorders and Williams syndrome: Similarities and differences.\n\t\t\t\t\tFrontiers in Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t3,\n\t\t\t\t\t247.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00247","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00247"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Azad1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad,\n              G. 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A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBaio,J.\n          (2020).\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016.\n\t\t\t\t\tMMWR Surveillance Summaries,\n\t\t\t\t\t69(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t1.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Kent1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kent,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Evans,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Paul,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSharp,M.\n          (1999).\n\t\t\t\t\tComorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 41(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t153\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t158.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00574.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1999.tb00574.x"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Kent2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kent,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Perry,\n              D.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEvans,J.\n          (1998).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism in Down's syndrome: Three case reports.\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism,\n\t\t\t\t\t2(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t259\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t267.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361398023004","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361398023004"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-KleinTasman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein-Tasman,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Mervis,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Lord,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPhillips,K.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocio-communicative deficits in young children with Williams syndrome: performance on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.\n\t\t\t\t\tChild Neuropsychology, 13(5),444\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t67.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/09297040601033680","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040601033680"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-KleinTasman2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein-Tasman,\n              B. P.,\n            \n            \n              van der Fluit,\n              F.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMervis,C. B.\n          (2018).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism spectrum symptomatology in children with Williams syndrome who have phrase speech or fluent language.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t48(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t3037\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3050.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3555-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3555-4"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-LaMalfa1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Malfa,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              Lassi,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Bertelli,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Salvini,\n              R.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPlacidi,G. F.\n          (2004).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism and intellectual disability: a study of prevalence on a sample of the Italian population.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Intellectual Disability Research,\n\t\t\t\t\t48(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t262\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t267.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2003.00567.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2003.00567.x"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Leonard1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Msall,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Bower,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Tremont,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeonard,H.\n          (2002).\n\t\t\t\t\tFunctional status of school-aged children with Down syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Paediatrics and Child Health,\n\t\t\t\t\t38(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t160\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t165.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00736.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00736.x"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Lincoln1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lincoln,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Searcy,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              Jones,\n              W.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLord,C.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial interaction behaviors discriminate young children with autism and Williams syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t323\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t331.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/chi.0b013e31802b9522","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31802b9522"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Lord1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Rutter,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeCouteur,A.\n          (1994)\n          Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders24(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t659\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t685.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007%2FBF02172145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Lough1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lough,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Hanley,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Rodgers,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              South,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Kirk,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Kennedy,\n              D.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRiby,D.\n          (2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tViolations of personal space in young people with autism spectrum disorders and Williams syndrome: Insights from the Social Responsiveness Scale.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(12),\n\t\t\t\t\t4101\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t4108.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2536-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2536-0"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Marler1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marler,\n              J. A.,\n            \n            \n              Elfenbein,\n              J. L.,\n            \n            \n              Ryals,\n              B. M.,\n            \n            \n              Urban,\n              Z.\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNetzloff,M. L.\n          (2005).\n\t\t\t\t\tSensorineural hearing loss in children and adults with Williams syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics, 138A(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t318\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t327.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.30970","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30970"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Miles1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miles,\n              J.\n            \n          \n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism spectrum disorders\u2014A genetics review.\n\t\t\t\t\tGenetics in Medicine, 13(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t278\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t294.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181ff67ba","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181ff67ba"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Molloy1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molloy,\n              C. A.,\n            \n            \n              Murray,\n              D. S.,\n            \n            \n              Kinsman,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Castillo,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Mitchell,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Hickey,\n              F. J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPatterson,B.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tDifferences in the clinical presentation of Trisomy 21 with and without autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(2).doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01138.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01138.x"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Moricke1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6ricke,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Buitelaar,\n              J. K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRommelse,N. N.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tDo we need multiple informants when assessing autistic traits? The degree of report bias on offspring, self, and spouse ratings.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t46(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t164\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t175.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2562-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2562-y"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Reddy1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy,\n              K. S.\n            \n          \n          (2005).\n\t\t\t\t\tCytogenetic abnormalities and fragile-X syndrome in Autism Spectrum Disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tBMC medical genetics,\n\t\t\t\t\t6(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t3.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2350-6-3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-6-3"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Reilly1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reilly,\n              C.\n            \n          \n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism spectrum disorders in Down syndrome: A review.\n\t\t\t\t\tResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t829\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t839.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.01.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.01.012"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Rutter1","unstructured":"Rutter,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Bailey,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLord,C.\n          \n            The Social Communication Questionnaire\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tWestern Psychological Services."},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Stojanovik1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovik,\n              V.\n            \n          \n          (2006).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial interaction deficits and conversational inadequacy in Williams syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Neurolinguistics,\n\t\t\t\t\t19(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t157\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t173.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2005.11.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2005.11.005"},{"key":"2020122822494178200_i1944-7558-126-1-58-Witwer1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witwer,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLecavalier,L.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism screening tools: an evaluation of the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Developmental Behaviour Checklist-Autism screening algorithm.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 32(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t179\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t87.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/13668250701604776","DOI":"10.1080\/13668250701604776"}],"container-title":["American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/126\/1\/58\/2691497\/i1944-7558-126-1-58.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/126\/1\/58\/2691497\/i1944-7558-126-1-58.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:34:48Z","timestamp":1768322088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article\/126\/1\/58\/450136\/Symptoms-of-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-in-Children"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-126.1.58","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-7558","1944-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-7558","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1944-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]}}}