{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:25:23Z","timestamp":1792556723192,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Motor skills, an important foundation for language and communication, are considerably delayed in children with Down syndrome (DS) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). However, the impact of these impairments on expressive and receptive communication and the phenotypic specificity of these associations remains unknown. Participants included 37 with DS and 37 age and developmentally matched children with FXS. Syndrome-specific motor and communication profiles emerged, with higher communication scores seen in the DS versus FXS on, but lower gross motor scores. Significant associations between domains of motor and communication were identified for both groups with additional phenotype-specific patterns. Findings demonstrate the importance of early motor abilities for communication in DS and FXS. Implications for phenotypic specificity and targeted intervention are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-126.6.460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T17:14:19Z","timestamp":1635268459000},"page":"460-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Motor Influences on Communication: Comparisons Between Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Will","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth A. Will and Jane E. Roberts, University of South Carolina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth A. Will and Jane E. Roberts, University of South Carolina."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Abbeduto1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Brady,\n              N.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKover,S. 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W.,\n            \n            \n              Hessl,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Goodlin-Jones,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Ferranti,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Bacalman,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Barbato,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Tassone,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Hagerman,\n              P. J.,\n            \n            \n              Herman,\n              H.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHagerman,R. 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M.,\n            \n            \n              Hall,\n              A. J.,\n            \n            \n              Nickel,\n              L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWozniak,R. H.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe relationship between reduplicated babble onset and laterality biases in infant rhythmic arm movements.\n\t\t\t\t\tBrain and Language,\n\t\t\t\t\t101(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t198\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t207.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.11.004"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Iverson3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iverson,\n              J. M.,\n            \n            \n              Longobardi,\n              E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCaselli,M. 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C.,\n            \n            \n              Bedford,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Pickles,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Hill,\n              E. 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A.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe role of multisensory development in early language learning.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Experimental Child Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t183,\n\t\t\t\t\t48\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t64.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.12.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.12.011"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-MasonApps1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason-Apps,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Stojanovik,\n              V.,\n            \n            \n              Houston-Price,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBuckley,S.\n          (2018).\n\t\t\t\t\tLongitudinal predictors of early language in infants with Down syndrome: A preliminary study.\n\t\t\t\t\tResearch in Developmental Disabilities,\n\t\t\t\t\t81,\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t51.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.12.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.12.021"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Mullen1","unstructured":"Mullen,\n              E. 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S.,\n            \n            \n              Wiesen,\n              S. E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWilliams,N.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tEffects of contingent reinforcement of actions on infants' object-directed reaching.\n\t\t\t\t\tInfancy,\n\t\t\t\t\t19(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t496\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t517.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/infa.12058","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12058"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Needham4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Needham,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLibertus,K.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tEmbodiment in early development.\n\t\t\t\t\tWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science,\n\t\t\t\t\t2(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t117\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t123.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wcs.109","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.109"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Parker1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker,\n              S. E.,\n            \n            \n              Mai,\n              C. T.,\n            \n            \n              Canfield,\n              M. A.,\n            \n            \n              Rickard,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Wang,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              Meyer,\n              R. E.,\n            \n            \n              Anderson,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Mason,\n              C. A.,\n            \n            \n              Collins,\n              J. S.,\n            \n            \n              Kirby,\n              R. S.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrea,A.\n          (2010).\n\t\t\t\t\tUpdated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004\u20132006.\n\t\t\t\t\tBirth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology,\n\t\t\t\t\t88(12),\n\t\t\t\t\t1008\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1016.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.20735","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20735"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Pereira1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Basso,\n              R. P.,\n            \n            \n              Lindquist,\n              A. R. R.,\n            \n            \n              da Silva,\n              L. G. P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTudella,E.\n          (2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tInfants with Down syndrome: Percentage and age for acquisition of gross motor skills.\n\t\t\t\t\tResearch in Developmental Disabilities,\n\t\t\t\t\t34(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t894\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t901.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.11.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.11.021"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Roberts1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Crawford,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Will,\n              E. A.,\n            \n            \n              Hogan,\n              A. L.,\n            \n            \n              McQuillin,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Tonnsen,\n              B. L.,\n            \n            \n              O'Conner,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Roberts,\n              D. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrewe,A. M.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tInfant social avoidance predicts autism but not anxiety in fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tFrontiers in Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t10, 199\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t209.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00199","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00199"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Roberts2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Mankowski,\n              J. B.,\n            \n            \n              Sideris,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Goldman,\n              B. D.,\n            \n            \n              Hatton,\n              D. D.,\n            \n            \n              Mirrett,\n              P. L.,\n            \n            \n              Baranek,\n              G. T.,\n            \n            \n              Reznick,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Long,\n              A. C. J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBailey,D. B.Jr.,\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tTrajectories and predictors of the development of very young boys with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Pediatric Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t34(8),\n\t\t\t\t\t827\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t836.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn129","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn129"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Roberts3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              McCary,\n              L. M.,\n            \n            \n              Shinkareva,\n              S. V.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBailey,D. B.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tInfant development in fragile X syndrome: Cross-syndrome comparisons.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t46(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t2088\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2099.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-016-2737-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2737-1"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Roberts4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Mirrett,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Anderson,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Burchinal,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNeebe,E.\n          (2002).\n\t\t\t\t\tEarly communication, symbolic behavior, and social profiles of young males with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11, 295\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t304.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1058-0360(2002\/034)","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2002\/034)"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Roberts5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Mirrett,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBurchinal,M.\n          (2001).\n\t\t\t\t\tReceptive and expressive communication development of young males with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Mental Retardation,\n\t\t\t\t\t106(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t216\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t230.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/08958017(2001)106&lt;0216:raecdo&gt;2.0.co;2","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2001)106<0216:RAECDO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Roberts6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Price,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalkin,C.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tLanguage and communication development in Down syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tMental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research reviews,\n\t\t\t\t\t13(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t35.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrdd.20136","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20136"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Roberts7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Tonnsen,\n              B. L.,\n            \n            \n              McCary,\n              L. M.,\n            \n            \n              Caravella,\n              K. E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShinkareva,S. 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E.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism and anxiety in males with fragile X syndrome: an exploratory analysis of neurobehavioral profiles from a parent survey.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part A,\n\t\t\t\t\t164(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t1198\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1203.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.36468","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36468"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Tassone1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tassone,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Hagerman,\n              R. J.,\n            \n            \n              Taylor,\n              A. K.,\n            \n            \n              Gane,\n              L. W.,\n            \n            \n              Godfrey,\n              T. E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHagerman,P. 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E.,\n            \n            \n              Shields,\n              R.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHessl,D.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tExtending the parent-delivered Early Start Denver Model to young children with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t49(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t1250\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1266.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3833-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3833-1"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Walle1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walle,\n              E. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCampos,J. J.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tInfant language development is related to the acquisition of walking.\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t50(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t336\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t348.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033238","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033238"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Will1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Will,\n              E. A.,\n            \n            \n              Bishop,\n              S. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRoberts,J. E.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental divergence: Motor trajectories in children with fragile X syndrome with and without co-occurring autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t11(1), 23.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-019-9281-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9281-1"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Will2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Will,\n              E. A.,\n            \n            \n              Caravella,\n              K. E.,\n            \n            \n              Hahn,\n              L. J.,\n            \n            \n              Fidler,\n              D. J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRoberts,J. E.\n          (2018).\n\t\t\t\t\tAdaptive behavior in infants and toddlers with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics,\n\t\t\t\t\t177(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t358\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t368.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32619","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32619"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Will3","unstructured":"Will,\n              E. A.,\n            \n            \n              Fidler,\n              D. J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDaunhauer,L. A.\n          (2017,\n\t\t\t\t\tMarch 8\u201310). 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G.\n            \n          \n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocio-cognitive understanding: A strength or weakness in Down's syndrome?Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,\n\t\t\t\t\t51(12),\n\t\t\t\t\t996\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1005.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01007.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01007.x"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Yoder1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoder,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Woynaroski,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Fey,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWarren,S.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tEffects of dose frequency of early communication intervention in young children with and without Down syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,\n\t\t\t\t\t119(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t17\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t32.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-119.1.17","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-119.1.17"},{"key":"2021102717123144100_i1944-7558-126-6-460-Zingerevich1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingerevich,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Greiss-Hess,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Lemons-Chitwood,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Harris,\n              S. W.,\n            \n            \n              Hessl,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Cook,\n              K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHagerman,R. 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