{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:42:33Z","timestamp":1793140953167,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study characterized the rates of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescent and young adult males with fragile X syndrome (FXS) using a multi-method approach integrating a DSM-based parent interview (Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes; P-ChIPS, Fristad et al., 1998) and a parent rating scale (Child Behavior Checklist; CBCL, Achenbach, 2001). Thirty-one males with FXS, aged 16\u201324 years, participated. Forty-two percent met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD and 35% exceeded the CBCL cut-offs. Agreement between the two classification methods was fair (\u03ba = 0.38). Autism symptom severity and nonverbal cognitive ability did not predict ADHD diagnoses\/symptoms. Results show high rates of ADHD in males with FXS during late adolescence and young adulthood, which are not accounted for by impaired nonverbal cognitive skills or autism symptom severity. DSM-based ADHD-specific scales are recommended over broadband symptom scales to improve accurate identification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-127.3.213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T12:57:38Z","timestamp":1650459458000},"page":"213-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Attention\/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescent and Young Adult Males With Fragile X Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Klusek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jessica Klusek, Shannon L. O'Connor, Alexandra Hickey and Kimberly J. Hills, University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jessica Klusek, Shannon L. O'Connor, Alexandra Hickey and Kimberly J. Hills, University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jessica Klusek, Shannon L. O'Connor, Alexandra Hickey and Kimberly J. Hills, University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Hills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jessica Klusek, Shannon L. O'Connor, Alexandra Hickey and Kimberly J. Hills, University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Abbeduto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard Abbeduto, University of California Davis Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane E. Roberts, University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Abbeduto1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Thurman,\n              A. J.,\n            \n            \n              McDuffie,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Klusek,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Feigles,\n              R. T.,\n            \n            \n              Brown,\n              W. T.,\n            \n            \n              Harvey,\n              D. J.,\n            \n            \n              Adayev,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              LaFauci,\n              G.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDobkins,C.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tASD comorbidity in fragile X syndrome: Symptom profile and predictors of symptom severity in adolescent and young adult males.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t960\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t977.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3796-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3796-2"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Achenbach1","unstructured":"Achenbach,\n              T. 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B.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tCo-occurring conditions associated with FMR1 gene variations: Findings from a national parent survey.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A, 146A,\n\t\t\t\t\t2060\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2069.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.32439","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32439"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Barkley1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkley,\n              R. 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V.,\n            \n            \n              Ghirardi,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Kuja-Halkola,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Lichtenstein,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLarsson,H.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe familial co-aggregation of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability: A register-based family study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t167\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t174.\n\t\t\t\t\te161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.11.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.11.011"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Freund1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freund,\n              L. S.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReiss,A. 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V.,\n            \n            \n              Baruch,\n              Y. K.,\n            \n            \n              Jokel,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRaz,R.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychiatric and autistic comorbidity in fragile X syndrome across ages.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Neurology, 26(8),\n\t\t\t\t\t940\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t948.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073810395937","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810395937"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Gadow1","unstructured":"Gadow,\n              K. D.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSprafkin,J.\n          (1997).\n\t\t\t\t\tChild symptom inventory 4: CSI.\n\t\t\t\t\tCheckmate Plus."},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Gadow2","unstructured":"Gadow,\n              K. D.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSprafkin,J. 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J.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tSecondary medical diagnosis in fragile X syndrome with and without autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part A,\n\t\t\t\t\t146(15),\n\t\t\t\t\t1911\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1916.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.32290","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32290"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Ghirardi1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghirardi,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Brikell,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Kuja-Halkola,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Freitag,\n              C. M.,\n            \n            \n              Franke,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Asherson,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Lichtenstein,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLarsson,H.\n          (2018).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: A register-based cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tMolecular Psychiatry, 23(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t257\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t262.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2017.17","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.17"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Ghirardi2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghirardi,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Pettersson,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Taylor,\n              M. J.,\n            \n            \n              Freitag,\n              C. 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J.,\n            \n            \n              Murphy,\n              M. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWittenberger,M. D.\n          (1988).\n\t\t\t\t\tA controlled trial of stimulant medication in children with the fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics, 30(1-2),\n\t\t\t\t\t377\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t392.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.1320300138","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320300138"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Harpin1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harpin,\n              V.,\n            \n            \n              Mazzone,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Raynaud,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Kahle,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHodgkins,P.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tLong-term outcomes of ADHD: A systematic review of self-esteem and social function.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Attention Disorders, 20(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t295\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t305.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054713486516","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713486516"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Harris1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris,\n              S. W.,\n            \n            \n              Hessl,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Goodlin-Jones,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Ferranti,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Bacalman,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Barbato,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Tassone,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Hagerman,\n              P. J.,\n            \n            \n              Herman,\n              K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHagerman,R. 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C.,\n            \n            \n              Adler,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Barkley,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Biederman,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Conners,\n              C. K.,\n            \n            \n              Demler,\n              O.,\n            \n            \n              Faraone,\n              S. V.,\n            \n            \n              Greenhill,\n              L. L.,\n            \n            \n              Howes,\n              M. 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M.,\n            \n            \n              Capps,\n              E. R.,\n            \n            \n              Monopoli,\n              J. W.,\n            \n            \n              Evans,\n              S. W.,\n            \n            \n              Hernandez-Rodriguez,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Owens,\n              J. S.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDuPaul,G. 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S.,\n            \n            \n              Howard,\n              A. L.,\n            \n            \n              Swanson,\n              J. M.,\n            \n            \n              Stehli,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Mitchell,\n              J. T.,\n            \n            \n              Kennedy,\n              T. M.,\n            \n            \n              Epstein,\n              J. N.,\n            \n            \n              Arnold,\n              L. 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A.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tAn initial psychometric evaluation of the CBCL 6\u201318 in a sample of youth with autism spectrum disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t96\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t108.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.03.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.03.009"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Parens1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parens,\n              E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnston,J.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tFacts, values, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An update on the controversies.\n\t\t\t\t\tChild and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3(1), 1.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1753-2000-3-1","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-3-1"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Pegoraro1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pegoraro,\n              L. F.,\n            \n            \n              Steiner,\n              C. E.,\n            \n            \n              Celeri,\n              E. H.,\n            \n            \n              Banzato,\n              C. E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDalgalarrondo,P.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tCognitive and behavioral heterogeneity in genetic syndromes.\n\t\t\t\t\tJornal de Pediatr\u00eda, 90(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t155\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t160.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jped.2013.06.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.06.010"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Pelham1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelham,\n              W. E.,\n            \n            \n              Gnagy,\n              E. M.,\n            \n            \n              Greiner,\n              A. R.,\n            \n            \n              Hoza,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Hinshaw,\n              S. P.,\n            \n            \n              Swanson,\n              J. 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A.,\n            \n            \n              Canevini,\n              M. P.,\n            \n            \n              Termine,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Bonati,\n              M.,\n            \n          \n          & Group, L. 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E.,\n            \n            \n              Miranda,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Boccia,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Janes,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Tonnsen,\n              B. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHatton,D. D.\n          (2011b).\n\t\t\t\t\tTreatment effects of stimulant medication in young boys with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 3(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t175\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t184.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11689-011-9085-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-011-9085-4"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Roberts3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Crawford,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Hogan,\n              A. 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J.\n          (1997).\n\t\t\t\t\tLeiter international performance scale-revised.\n\t\t\t\t\tStoelting.","DOI":"10.1037\/t05120-000"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Ronald1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronald,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Simonoff,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Kuntsi,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Asherson,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPlomin,R.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tEvidence for overlapping genetic influences on autistic and ADHD behaviours in a community twin sample.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t535\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t542.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01857.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01857.x"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Rutter1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter,\n              M.\n            \n          \n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychopathological development across adolescence.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t101\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t110.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-006-9125-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9125-7"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-SASInstituteInc1","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc.\n\t\t\t\t\t(2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tSAS\/ACCESS\u00ae 9.4 Interface to ADABAS: Reference.\n\t\t\t\t\tSAS Institute Inc."},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Scerif1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scerif,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              Longhi,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Cole,\n              V.,\n            \n            \n              Karmiloff-Smith,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCornish,K.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tAttention across modalities as a longitudinal predictor of early outcomes: The case of fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 53(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t641\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t650.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02515.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02515.x"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Schneider1","unstructured":"Schneider,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Unnewehr,\n              S.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMargraf,J.\n          (1995).\n\t\t\t\t\tKinder-DIPS.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpringer."},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Shaw1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw,\n              S. R.,\n            \n            \n              Rahman,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSharma,A.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavioral profiles in Phelan-McDermid syndrome: Focus on mental health.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t18.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19315864.2011.554615","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2011.554615"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Siegel1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegel,\n              J. J.,\n            \n            \n              Chitwood,\n              R. A.,\n            \n            \n              Ding,\n              J. M.,\n            \n            \n              Payne,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Taylor,\n              W.,\n            \n            \n              Gray,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Zemelman,\n              B. 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E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThapar,A.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tShared genetic influences between dimensional ASD and ADHD symptoms during child and adolescent development.\n\t\t\t\t\tMolecular Autism, 8(1), 18.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-017-0131-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0131-2"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Sullivan1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Hatton,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Hammer,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Sideris,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Hooper,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Ornstein,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBaileyD.Jr,\n          (2006).\n\t\t\t\t\tADHD symptoms in children with FXS.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 140(21),\n\t\t\t\t\t2275\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2288.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.31388","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31388"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Thurman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurman,\n              A. J.,\n            \n            \n              McDuffie,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Hagerman,\n              R.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAbbeduto,L.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychiatric symptoms in boys with fragile X syndrome: A comparison with nonsyndromic autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tResearch in Developmental Disabilities, 35(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t1072\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1086.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.01.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.01.032"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Valdovinos1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdovinos,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Parsa,\n              R.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAlexander,M.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tResults of a nation-wide survey evaluating psychotropic medication use in fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 21(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t23\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t37.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10882-008-9123-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-008-9123-7"},{"key":"2022042016572459300_i1944-7558-127-3-213-Vissers1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vissers,\n              L. 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