{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T23:25:27Z","timestamp":1768346727125,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Past research shows that individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) have heightened and prolonged eye contact. Using parent report measures, we examined not only the presence of eye contact but also its qualitative features. Study 1 included individuals with WS (n = 22, ages 6.0\u201336.3). Study 2 included children with different neurodevelopmental (ND) conditions (WS, autism spectrum condition, fragile X syndrome, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder) and children with neurotypical development (NT; n = 262, ages 4.0\u201317.11). Unusual eye contact features, including staring, were found in approximately half of the WS samples. However, other features such as brief glances were frequently found in WS and in all ND conditions, but not NT. Future research in ND conditions should focus on qualitative as well as quantitative features of eye contact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-127.4.293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T17:27:22Z","timestamp":1656350842000},"page":"293-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Quality of Everyday Eye Contact in Williams Syndrome: Insights From Cross-Syndrome Comparisons"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Ridley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ellen Ridley, Centre for Neurodiversity & Development, Durham University, and Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bronia","family":"Arnott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bronia Arnott, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah M.","family":"Riby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deborah M. Riby, Centre for Neurodiversity & Development, Durham University, and Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Michael","family":"Burt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D. Michael Burt, Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary Hanley, Centre for Neurodiversity & Development, Durham University, and Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Leekam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan R. Leekam, Cardiff University Centre for Developmental Science, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Airdrie1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Airdrie,\n              J. N.,\n            \n            \n              Langley,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Thapar,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tvan Goozen,S. H. 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M.,\n            \n            \n              McCormack,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Carty,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Coyle,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Crozier,\n              N.,\n            \n            \n              Robinson,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMcPhillips,M.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tAttention during social interaction in children with autism: Comparison to specific language impairment, typical development, and links to social cognition.\n\t\t\t\t\tResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t8(7),\n\t\t\t\t\t908\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t924.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.03.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.03.020"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Helminen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helminen,\n              T. M.,\n            \n            \n              Kaasinen,\n              S. 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Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1587.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01587","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01587"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Honey1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honey,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Leekam,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Turner,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMcConachie,H.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tRepetitive behaviour and play in typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t37(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t1107\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1115.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0253-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0253-4"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Jarvinen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvinen,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Dering,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Neumann,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Ng,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Crivelli,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Grichanik,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Korenberg,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBellugi,U.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tSensitivity of the autonomic nervous system to visual and auditory affect across social and non-social domains in Williams syndrome. 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M.,\n            \n            \n              Southerland,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Hamo,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Carberry,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Bridges,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Nay,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Stubbs,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Komarow,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Washington,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Rehg,\n              J. 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G.,\n            \n            \n              Carrington,\n              S. J.,\n            \n            \n              Couteur,\n              A. L.,\n            \n            \n              Gould,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Wing,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Maljaars,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Noens,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              van Berckelaer-Onnes,\n              I.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeekam,S. 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J.,\n            \n            \n              Wing,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Gould,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTaylor,C.\n          (2002).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Algorithms for ICD-10 childhood autism and Wing and Gould autistic spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t43(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t327\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t342.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00024","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00024"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Leekam3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leekam,\n              S. R.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRamsden,C. A. H.\n          (2006).\n\t\t\t\t\tDyadic orienting and joint attention in preschool children with autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t36(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t185\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t197.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-005-0054-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0054-1"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Lord1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Risi,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Lambrecht,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Cook,\n              E. H.,\n            \n            \n              Leventhal,\n              B. L.,\n            \n            \n              DiLavore,\n              P. C.,\n            \n            \n              Pickles,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRutter,M.\n          (2000).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\u2013Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t30(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t205\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t223.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005592401947","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-MacDonald1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDonald,\n              K.\n            \n          \n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tPatient-clinician eye contact: Social neuroscience and art of clinical engagement.\n\t\t\t\t\tPostgraduate Medicine,\n\t\t\t\t\t121(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t136\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t144.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3810\/pgm.2009.07.2039","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2009.07.2039"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Mareva1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mareva,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Holmes,\n              J.,\n            \n          \n          & the CALM team.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tTransdiagnostic associations across communication, cognitive, and behavioural problems in a developmentally at-risk population: A network approach. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 452.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-019-1818-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1818-7"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Marotta1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marotta,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Casagrande,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Rosa,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Maccari,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Berloco,\n              B.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPasini,A.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tImpaired reflexive orienting to social cues in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tEuropean Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t23(8),\n\t\t\t\t\t649\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t657.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0505-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0505-8"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Marotta2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marotta,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Pasini,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Menotti,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Pasquini,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Pitzianti,\n              M. B.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCasagrande,M.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tControlling attention to gaze and arrows in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychiatry Research,\n\t\t\t\t\t251,\n\t\t\t\t\t148\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t154.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.094"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Martens1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martens,\n              M. A.,\n            \n            \n              Wilson,\n              S. J.,\n            \n            \n              Dudgeon,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReutens,D. C.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tApproachability and the amygdala: Insights from Williams syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeuropsychologia,\n\t\t\t\t\t47(12),\n\t\t\t\t\t2446\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2453.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.017"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-McGlensey1","unstructured":"McGlensey,\n              M.\n            \n          \n          (2016,\n\t\t\t\t\tFebruary3).\n\t\t\t\t\t16 people with autism describe why eye contact can be difficult.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Mighty.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/themighty.com\/2016\/02\/why-eye-contact-can-be-difficult-for-people-with-autism\/"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Mervis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mervis,\n              C. B.,\n            \n            \n              Morris,\n              C. A.,\n            \n            \n              Klein-Tasman,\n              B. P.,\n            \n            \n              Bertrand,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Kwitny,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Appelbaum,\n              L. G.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRice,C. E.\n          (2003).\n\t\t\t\t\tAttentional characteristics of infants and toddlers with Williams syndrome during triadic interactions.\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental Neuropsychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t23(1\u20132),\n\t\t\t\t\t243\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t268.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565641.2003.9651894","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2003.9651894"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Morrison1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison,\n              K. E.,\n            \n            \n              DeBrabander,\n              K. M.,\n            \n            \n              Jones,\n              D. R.,\n            \n            \n              Faso,\n              D. J.,\n            \n            \n              Ackerman,\n              R. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSasson,N. J.\n          (2020).\n\t\t\t\t\tOutcomes of real-world social interaction for autistic adults paired with autistic compared to typically developing partners.\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism,\n\t\t\t\t\t24(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t1067\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1080.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319892701","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319892701"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Muszkat1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muszkat,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              de Mello,\n              C. B.,\n            \n          \n          Mu\u00f1oz, P. de O. L., Lucci, T. K., David, V. F., Siqueira, J. de O., &\n\t\t\t\t\tOtta,E.(2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tFace scanning in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Human versus dog face scanning. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 150.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00150","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00150"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Normand1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Normand,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Schneider,\n              B. H.,\n            \n            \n              Lee,\n              M. D.,\n            \n            \n              Maisonneuve,\n              M.-F.,\n            \n            \n              Chupetlovska-Anastasova,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Kuehn,\n              S. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRobaey,P.\n          (2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tContinuities and changes in the friendships of children with and without ADHD: A longitudinal, observational study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Abnormal Child Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t41(7),\n\t\t\t\t\t1161\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1175.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-013-9753-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9753-9"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Normand2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Normand,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Schneider,\n              B. H.,\n            \n            \n              Lee,\n              M. D.,\n            \n            \n              Maisonneuve,\n              M.-F.,\n            \n            \n              Kuehn,\n              S. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRobaey,P.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tHow do children with ADHD (mis)manage their real-life dyadic friendships? A multi-method investigation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Abnormal Child Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t39(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t293\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t305.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-010-9450-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9450-x"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Papagiannopoulou1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papagiannopoulou,\n              E. A.,\n            \n            \n              Chitty,\n              K. M.,\n            \n            \n              Hermens,\n              D. F.,\n            \n            \n              Hickie,\n              I. B.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLagopoulos,J.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tA systematic review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking studies in children with autism spectrum disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial Neuroscience,\n\t\t\t\t\t9(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t610\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t632.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470919.2014.934966","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2014.934966"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Porter1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter,\n              M. A.,\n            \n            \n              Shaw,\n              T. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMarsh,P. J.\n          (2010).\n\t\t\t\t\tAn unusual attraction to the eyes in Williams-Beuren syndrome: A manipulation of facial affect while measuring face scanpaths.\n\t\t\t\t\tCognitive Neuropsychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t15(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t505\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t530.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13546801003644486","DOI":"10.1080\/13546801003644486"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Prior1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prior,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Leekam,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Ong,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Eisenmajer,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Wing,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Gould,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDowe,D.\n          (1998).\n\t\t\t\t\tAre there subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t39(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t893\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t902.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00389","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00389"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Riby1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riby,\n              D. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHancock,P. J. B.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tViewing it differently: Social scene perception in Williams syndrome and autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeuropsychologia,\n\t\t\t\t\t46(11),\n\t\t\t\t\t2855\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2860.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.003"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Riby2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riby,\n              D. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHancock,P. J. B.\n          (2009a).\n\t\t\t\t\tLooking at movies and cartoons: Eye-tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Intellectual Disability Research,\n\t\t\t\t\t53(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t169\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t181.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01142.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01142.x"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Riby3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riby,\n              D. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHancock,P. J. B.\n          (2009b).\n\t\t\t\t\tDo faces capture the attention of individuals with Williams syndrome or autism? Evidence from tracking eye movements.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t39(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t421\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t431.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0641-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0641-z"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Riby4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riby,\n              D. M.,\n            \n            \n              Jones,\n              N.,\n            \n            \n              Brown,\n              P. H.,\n            \n            \n              Robinson,\n              L. J.,\n            \n            \n              Langton,\n              S. R. H.,\n            \n            \n              Bruce,\n              V.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRiby,L. M.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tAttention to faces in Williams syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t41(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t1228\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1239.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-010-1141-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1141-5"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Riby5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riby,\n              D. M.,\n            \n            \n              Whittle,\n              L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDoherty-Sneddon,G.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tPhysiological reactivity to faces via live and video-mediated communication in typical and atypical development.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t34(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t385\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t395.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.645019","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.645019"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Ridley1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridley,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Riby,\n              D. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeekam,S. R.\n          (2020).\n\t\t\t\t\tA cross-syndrome approach to the social phenotype of neurodevelopmental disorders: Focusing on social vulnerability and social interaction style. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 100, 103604.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103604"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Risko1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risko,\n              E. F.,\n            \n            \n              Laidlaw,\n              K. E. W.,\n            \n            \n              Freeth,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Foulsham,\n              T.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKingstone,A.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial attention with real versus reel stimuli: Toward an empirical approach to concerns about ecological validity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 143.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00143","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00143"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Roberts1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Crawford,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Hogan,\n              A. L.,\n            \n            \n              Fairchild,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Tonnsen,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Brewe,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              O'Connor,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Roberts,\n              D. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAbbeduto,L.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial avoidance emerges in infancy and persists into adulthood in fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders; New York,\n\t\t\t\t\t49(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t3753\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3766.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04051-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04051-8"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Roberts2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Weisenfeld,\n              L. A. H.,\n            \n            \n              Hatton,\n              D. D.,\n            \n            \n              Heath,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKaufmann,W. E.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial approach and autistic behavior in children with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t37(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t1748\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1760.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0305-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0305-9"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Sasson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasson,\n              N. J.,\n            \n            \n              Faso,\n              D. J.,\n            \n            \n              Nugent,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Lovell,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Kennedy,\n              D. P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGrossman,R. B.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tNeurotypical peers are less willing to interact with those with autism based on thin slice judgments. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep40700","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40700"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Sasson2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasson,\n              N. J.,\n            \n            \n              Tsuchiya,\n              N.,\n            \n            \n              Hurley,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Couture,\n              S. M.,\n            \n            \n              Penn,\n              D. 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H.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tAtypical eye contact in autism: Models, mechanisms and development.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,\n\t\t\t\t\t33(8),\n\t\t\t\t\t1204\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1214.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.06.001"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Shic1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shic,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Bradshaw,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Klin,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Scassellati,\n              B.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChawarska,K.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tLimited activity monitoring in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tBrain Research,\n\t\t\t\t\t1380,\n\t\t\t\t\t246\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t254.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.074"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Sibley1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibley,\n              M. 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PLoS ONE, 12(11), e0188446.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188446","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188446"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Uekermann1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uekermann,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Kraemer,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Abdel-Hamid,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Schimmelmann,\n              B. G.,\n            \n            \n              Hebebrand,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Daum,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Wiltfang,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKis,B.\n          (2010).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial cognition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).\n\t\t\t\t\tNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,\n\t\t\t\t\t34(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t734\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t743.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.10.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.10.009"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Willis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis,\n              M. L.,\n            \n            \n              Palermo,\n              R.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBurke,D.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial judgments are influenced by both facial expression and direction of eye gaze.\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial Cognition,\n\t\t\t\t\t29(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t415\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t429.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/soco.2011.29.4.415","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2011.29.4.415"},{"key":"2022062721264387800_i1944-7558-127-4-293-Wing1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wing,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Leekam,\n              S. R.,\n            \n            \n              Libby,\n              S. J.,\n            \n            \n              Gould,\n              J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLarcombe,M.\n          (2002).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: Background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t43(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t307\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t325.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00023","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00023"}],"container-title":["American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/293\/3078942\/i1944-7558-127-4-293.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/127\/4\/293\/3078942\/i1944-7558-127-4-293.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:35:00Z","timestamp":1768322100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article\/127\/4\/293\/483337\/The-Quality-of-Everyday-Eye-Contact-in-Williams"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-127.4.293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-7558","1944-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-7558","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1944-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]}}}