{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T18:40:38Z","timestamp":1771872038743,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined potential phenotypic differences in eye gaze avoidance exhibited by boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS). In Study 1, the Eye Contact Avoidance Scale (ECAS) was administered to caregivers of boys aged 7\u201318 years with FXS (n = 148), ASD (n = 168), and mixed developmental disabilities (MDD; n = 128). In Study 2, subsets of boys with FXS (n = 31) and boys with ASD (n = 25) received a brief behavioral treatment probe to improve eye contact. Results showed that boys with FXS obtained significantly higher scores on the ECAS compared to boys with ASD and MDD. Exposure to the brief behavioral treatment probe resulted in significant decreases in scores for boys with FXS, but not for boys with ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-127.6.435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T13:26:00Z","timestamp":1666963560000},"page":"435-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining Phenotypic Differences in Gaze Avoidance Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fragile X Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Ellen H.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ellen H. Wilkinson, Tobias C. Britton, and Scott S. Hall, Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias C.","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ellen H. Wilkinson, Tobias C. Britton, and Scott S. Hall, Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott S.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ellen H. Wilkinson, Tobias C. Britton, and Scott S. Hall, Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Abbeduto1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              McDuffie,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThurman,A. J.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe fragile X syndrome-autism comorbidity: What do we really know? Frontiers in Genetics, 5, 355.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2014.00355","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00355"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Aman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aman,\n              M. G.,\n            \n            \n              Singh,\n              N. N.,\n            \n            \n              Stewart,\n              A. W.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tField,C. J.\n          (1985).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe aberrant behavior checklist: A behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Mental Deficiency, \n\t\t\t\t\t89(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t485\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t491.","DOI":"10.1037\/t10453-000"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-AmericanPsychiatricAssociation1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association.\n          (2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.978089042559","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Anagnostou1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anagnostou,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Jones,\n              N.,\n            \n            \n              Huerta,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Halladay,\n              A. K.,\n            \n            \n              Wang,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Scahill,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Horrigan,\n              J.P.,\n            \n            \n              Kasari,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Choi,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Sullivan,\n              K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDawson,G.\n          (2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tMeasuring social communication behaviors as a treatment endpoint in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism,\n\t\t\t\t\t19(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t622\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t636.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361314542955","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314542955"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Bailey1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey\n              D. B.,\n            \n            \n              Raspa\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Olmsted\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHolidayD. B.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tCo-occurring conditions associated with FMR1 gene variations: Findings from a national parent survey.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, \n\t\t\t\t\t146A(16),\n\t\t\t\t\t2060\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2069.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.32439","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32439"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Bauminger1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauminger,\n              N.\n            \n          \n          (2002).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe facilitation of social-emotional understanding and social interaction in high-functioning children with autism: Intervention outcomes.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t32(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t283\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t298.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1016378718278","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016378718278"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Brugha1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugha,\n              T. S.,\n            \n            \n              Doos,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Tempier,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Einfeld,\n              S.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHowlin,P.\n          (2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tOutcome measures in intervention trials for adults with autism spectrum disorders; a systematic review of assessments of core autism features and associated emotional and behavioural problems.\n\t\t\t\t\tInternational Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research,\n\t\t\t\t\t24(2),\n\t\t\t\t\t99\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t115.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1466","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1466"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Bruinsma1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruinsma,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              Koegel,\n              R. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKoegel,L. K.\n          (2004).\n\t\t\t\t\tJoint attention and children with autism: A review of the literature.\n\t\t\t\t\tMental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,\n\t\t\t\t\t10(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t169\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t175.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrdd.20036","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20036"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Budimirovic1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budimirovic,\n              D. B.,\n            \n            \n              Berry-Kravis,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Erickson,\n              C. A.,\n            \n            \n              Hall,\n              S. S.,\n            \n            \n              Hessl,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Reiss,\n              A. L.,\n            \n            \n              King,\n              M. K.,\n            \n            \n              Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKaufmann,W. E.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tUpdated report on tools to measure outcomes of clinical trials in fragile X syndrome. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 9, 14.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-017-9193-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-017-9193-x"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Chang1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang,\n              Y. C.,\n            \n            \n              Shire,\n              S. Y.,\n            \n            \n              Shih,\n              W.,\n            \n            \n              Gelfand,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKasari,C.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tPreschool deployment of evidence-based social communication intervention: JASPER in the classroom.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t46(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t2211\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2223.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-016-2752-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2752-2"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Chawarska1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chawarska,\n              K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShic,F.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tLooking but not seeing: Atypical visual scanning and recognition of faces in 2- and 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t39(12),\n\t\t\t\t\t1663\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1672.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-009-0803-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0803-7"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Clifford1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifford\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Dissanayake\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Bui\n              Q. M.,\n            \n            \n              Huggins\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Taylor\n              A. K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLoeschD. Z.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism spectrum phenotype in males and females with fragile X full mutation and premutation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, \n\t\t\t\t\t37,\n\t\t\t\t\t738\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t747.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0205-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0205-z"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Coffee1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coffee,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Keith,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Albizua,\n              I.,\n            \n            \n              Malone,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Mowrey,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Sherman,\n              S. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWarren,S. T.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tIncidence of fragile X syndrome by newborn screening for methylated FMR1 DNA.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Human Genetics,\n\t\t\t\t\t85(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t503\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t514.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.09.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.09.007"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Cohen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen,\n              I. L.\n            \n          \n          (1995).\n\t\t\t\t\tA theoretical analysis of the role of hyperarousal in the learning and behavior of fragile X males.\n\t\t\t\t\tMental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,\n\t\t\t\t\t1(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t286\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t291.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrdd.1410010410","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.1410010410"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Cohen2","unstructured":"Cohen,\n              I. L.,\n            \n            \n              Fisch,\n              G. S.,\n            \n            \n              Sudhalter,\n              V.,\n            \n            \n              Wolf-Schein,\n              E.G.,\n            \n            \n              Hanson,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Hagerman,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Jenkins,\n              E. C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown,W. T.\n          (1988).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial gaze, social avoidance, and repetitive behavior in fragile X males: A controlled study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Mental Retardation,\n\t\t\t\t\t92(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t436\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t446."},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Cohen3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen,\n              I. L.,\n            \n            \n              Vietze,\n              P. M.,\n            \n            \n              Sudhalter,\n              V.,\n            \n            \n              Jenkins,\n              E. C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown,W. T.\n          (1989).\n\t\t\t\t\tParent-child dyadic gaze patterns in fragile X males and in non-fragile X males with autistic disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t30(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t845\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t856.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00286.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00286.x"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Cohen4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen,\n              I. L.,\n            \n            \n              Vietze,\n              P. M.,\n            \n            \n              Sudhalter,\n              V.,\n            \n            \n              Jenkins,\n              E. C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown,W. T.\n          (1991).\n\t\t\t\t\tEffects of age and communication level on eye contact in fragile X males and non-fragile X autistic males.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics,\n\t\t\t\t\t38(2\u20133),\n\t\t\t\t\t498\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t502.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.1320380271","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320380271"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Cook1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook,\n              J. L.,\n            \n            \n              Rapp,\n              J. T.,\n            \n            \n              Mann,\n              K. R.,\n            \n            \n              McHugh,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Burji,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNuta,R.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tA practitioner model for increasing eye contact in children with autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavior Modification,\n\t\t\t\t\t41(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t382\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t404.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145445516689323","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445516689323"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Crawford1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford,\n              D. C.,\n            \n            \n              Acu\u00f1a,\n              J. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSherman,S. L.\n          (2001).\n\t\t\t\t\tFMR1 and the fragile X syndrome: Human genome epidemiology review.\n\t\t\t\t\tGenetics in Medicine,\n\t\t\t\t\t3(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t359\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t371.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00125817-200109000-00006","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200109000-00006"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Crawford2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Moss,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Oliver,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRiby,D.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tDifferential effects of anxiety and autism on social scene scanning in males with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 9, 9.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-017-9189-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-017-9189-6"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Dalton1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalton,\n              K. M.,\n            \n            \n              Holsen,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDavidson,R. J.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tBrain function and gaze fixation during facial-emotion processing in fragile X and autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism Research,\n\t\t\t\t\t1(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t231\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t239.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.32","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.32"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Dalton2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalton,\n              K. M.,\n            \n            \n              Nacewicz,\n              B. M.,\n            \n            \n              Johnstone,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Schaefer,\n              H. S.,\n            \n            \n              Gernsbacher,\n              M. A.,\n            \n            \n              Goldsmith,\n              H. H.,\n            \n            \n              Alexander,\n              A. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDavidson,R. J.\n          (2005).\n\t\t\t\t\tGaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tNature Neuroscience,\n\t\t\t\t\t8(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t519\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t526.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1421","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1421"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-DarlingChurchill1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darling-Churchill,\n              K. E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLippman,L.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tEarly childhood social and emotional development: Advancing the field of measurement.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Applied Developmental Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t45,\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t7.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appdev.2016.02.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2016.02.002"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Dawson1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              Webb,\n              S. J.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMcPartland,J.\n          (2005).\n\t\t\t\t\tUnderstanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental Neuropsychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t27(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t403\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t424.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15326942dn2703_6","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2703_6"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Demark1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demark,\n              J. L.,\n            \n            \n              Feldman,\n              M. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHolden,J. J. A., &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMacLean,W.E.\n          (2003).\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavioral relationship between autism and fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Mental Retardation,\n\t\t\t\t\t108(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t314\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t326.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/0895-8017(2003)108&lt;314:BRBAAF&gt;2.0.CO;2","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2003)108<314:BRBAAF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Elsabbagh1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsabbagh,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Mercure,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Hudry,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Chandler,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Pasco,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              Charman,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Pickles,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Baron-Cohen,\n              \n            \n            \n              Bolton,\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Johnson,\n              P.\n            \n            \n              H.,\n              M.\n            \n          &\n\t\t\t\t\tthe BASIS Team(2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tInfant neural sensitivity to dynamic eye gaze is associated with later emerging autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurrent Biology,\n\t\t\t\t\t22(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t338\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t342.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2011.12.056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.12.056"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Esbensen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esbensen,\n              A. J.,\n            \n            \n              Rojahn,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Aman,\n              M. G.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRuedrich,S.\n          (2003).\n\t\t\t\t\tReliability and validity of an assessment instrument for anxiety, depression, and mood among individuals with mental retardation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t33(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t617\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t629.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JADD.0000005999.27178.55","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000005999.27178.55"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-FalckYtter1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falck-Ytter,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Carlstr\u00f6m,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJohansson,M.\n          (2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tEye contact modulates cognitive processing differently in children with autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tChild Development,\n\t\t\t\t\t86(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t47.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12273","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12273"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Finlay1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finlay,\n              W. M. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLyons,E.\n          (2002).\n\t\t\t\t\tAcquiescence in interviews with people who have mental retardation.\n\t\t\t\t\tMental Retardation,\n\t\t\t\t\t40(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t14\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t29.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/0047-6765(2002)040&lt;0014:AIIWPW&gt;2.0.CO;2. PMID: 11806730","DOI":"10.1352\/0047-6765(2002)040<0014:AIIWPW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Fonger1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonger,\n              A. M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalott,R. W.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tUsing shaping to teach eye contact to children with autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavior Analysis in Practice,\n\t\t\t\t\t12(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t216\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t221.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40617-018-0245-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-018-0245-9"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Freeth1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeth,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Foulsham,\n              T.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKingstone,A.\n          (2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tWhat affects social attention? Social presence, eye contact and autistic traits. PLoS ONE, 8(1).e53286 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0053286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053286"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Gannon1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gannon,\n              C. E.,\n            \n            \n              Britton,\n              T. C.,\n            \n            \n              Wilkinson,\n              E. H.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHall,S. S.\n          (2018).\n\t\t\t\t\tImproving social gaze behavior in fragile X syndrome using a behavioral skills training approach: A proof of concept study. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 10, 25.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-018-9243-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-018-9243-z"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Grelotti1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grelotti,\n              D. J.,\n            \n            \n              Gauthier,\n              I.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchultz,R. T.\n          (2002).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing.\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental Psychobiology,\n\t\t\t\t\t40(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t213\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t225.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.10028","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.10028"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hall1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall,\n              S. S.\n            \n          \n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tTreatments for fragile X syndrome: A closer look at the data.\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopmental Disabilities Research Reviews,\n\t\t\t\t\t15(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t353\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t360.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ddrr.78","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.78"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hall2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall,\n              S. S.,\n            \n            \n              Frank,\n              M. C.,\n            \n            \n              Pusiol,\n              G. T.,\n            \n            \n              Farzin,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Lightbody,\n              A. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReiss,A. L.\n          (2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tQuantifying naturalistic social gaze in fragile X syndrome using a novel eye tracking paradigm.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics,\n\t\t\t\t\t168(7),\n\t\t\t\t\t564\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t572.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32331","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32331"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hall3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall,\n              S. S.,\n            \n            \n              Lightbody,\n              A. A.,\n            \n            \n              Hirt,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Rezvani,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReiss,A. L.\n          (2010).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism in fragile X syndrome: A category mistake?Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t49(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t921\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t933.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.07.001"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hall4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall\n              S. S.,\n            \n            \n              Lightbody\n              A. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tReissA. L.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tCompulsive, self-injurious, and autistic behavior in children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Mental Retardation113(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t44\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t53.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/0895-8017(2008)113[44:CSAABI]2.0.CO;2","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2008)113[44:CSAABI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hall5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall,\n              S. S.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVenema,K. M.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tA screening tool to measure eye contact avoidance in boys with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t47,\n\t\t\t\t\t2254\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2264.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3139-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3139-8"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hazlett1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazlett,\n              H. C.,\n            \n            \n              Poe,\n              M. D.,\n            \n            \n              Lightbody,\n              A. A.,\n            \n            \n              Gerig,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              MacFall,\n              J. R.,\n            \n            \n              Ross,\n              A. K.,\n            \n            \n              Provenzale,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Martin,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Reiss,\n              A. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPiven,J.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tTeasing apart the heterogeneity of autism: Same behavior, different brains in toddlers with fragile X syndrome and autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t1,\n\t\t\t\t\t81\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t90.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11689-009-9009-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-009-9009-8"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hernandez1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez,\n              R. N.,\n            \n            \n              Feinberg,\n              R. L.,\n            \n            \n              Vaurio,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Passanante,\n              N. M.,\n            \n            \n              Thompson,\n              R. E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKaufmann,W. E.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism spectrum disorder in fragile X syndrome: A longitudinal evaluation.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part A,\n\t\t\t\t\t149A(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t1125\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1137.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.32848","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32848"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hong1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong,\n              M. P.,\n            \n            \n              Eckert,\n              E. M.,\n            \n            \n              Pedapati,\n              E. V.,\n            \n            \n              Shaffer,\n              R. C.,\n            \n            \n              Dominick,\n              K. C.,\n            \n            \n              Wink,\n              L. K.,\n            \n            \n              Sweeney,\n              J. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tErickson,C. A.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tDifferentiating social preference and social anxiety phenotypes in fragile X syndrome using an eye gaze analysis: A pilot study. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 11, 1.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-019-9262-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9262-4"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hunter1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Rivero-Arias,\n              O.,\n            \n            \n              Angelov,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Kim,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Fotheringham,\n              I.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLeal,J.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tEpidemiology of fragile X syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part A,\n\t\t\t\t\t164(7),\n\t\t\t\t\t1648\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1658.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.36511","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36511"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Hutt1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutt,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOunsted,C.\n          (1966).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe biological significance of gaze aversion with particular reference to the syndrome of infantile autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavioral Science,\n\t\t\t\t\t11(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t346\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t356.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bs.3830110504","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830110504"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Joseph1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph,\n              R. M.,\n            \n            \n              Ehrman,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              McNally,\n              R.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKeehn,B.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tAffective response to eye contact and face recognition ability in children with ASD.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society,\n\t\t\t\t\t14(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t947\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t955.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617708081344","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708081344"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Kaufmann1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufmann,\n              W. E.,\n            \n            \n              Kidd,\n              S. A.,\n            \n            \n              Andrews,\n              H. F.,\n            \n            \n              Budimirovic,\n              D. B.,\n            \n            \n              Esler,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Haas-Givler,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Stackhouse,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Riley,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Peacock,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              Sherman,\n              S. L.,\n            \n            \n              Brown,\n              W. T.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBerry-Kravis,E.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism spectrum disorder in fragile X syndrome: Cooccurring conditions and current treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatrics,\n\t\t\t\t\t139(Supplement 3),\n\t\t\t\t\tS194\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tS206.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2016-1159F","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1159F"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Kleinke1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinke,\n              C. L.\n            \n          \n          (1986).\n\t\t\t\t\tGaze and eye contact: A research review.\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychological Bulletin,\n\t\t\t\t\t100(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t78\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t100.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.100.1.78","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.100.1.78"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Klusek1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klusek,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Moser,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Schmidt,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRoberts,J. E.\n          (2020).\n\t\t\t\t\tA novel eye-tracking paradigm for indexing social avoidance-related behavior in fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics,\n\t\t\t\t\t183(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t5\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t16.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32757","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32757"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Kreiser1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreiser,\n              N. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWhite,S. W.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessment of social anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical Psychology: Science and Practice,\n\t\t\t\t\t21(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t18\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t31.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpsp.12057","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101723"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Lee1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Martin,\n              G. E.,\n            \n            \n              Berry-Kravis,\n              E.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLosh,M.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tA developmental, longitudinal investigation of autism phenotypic profiles in fragile X syndrome. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 8, 47.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11689-016-9179-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9179-0"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Lord1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Risi,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Lambrecht,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Cook,\n              E. H.,\n            \n            \n              Leventhal,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              DiLavore,\n              P. C.,\n            \n            \n              Pickles,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRutter,M.\n          (2000).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\u2013Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t30(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t205\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t223.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005592401947","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Lord2","unstructured":"Lord,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Rutter,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              DiLavore,\n              P. C.,\n            \n            \n              Risi,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Gotham,\n              K.,\n            \n            \n              Bishop,\n              S. L.,\n            \n            \n              Luyster,\n              R. J.,\n            \n            \n              Guthrie\n              .\n            \n          &\n\t\t\t\t\t(2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Maenner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maenner,\n              M. J.,\n            \n            \n              Shaw,\n              K. A.,\n            \n            \n              Baio,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Washington,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Patrick,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              DiRienzo,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Christensen,\n              D. L.,\n            \n            \n              Wiggins,\n              L. D.,\n            \n            \n              Pettygrove,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Andrews,\n              J. G.,\n            \n            \n              Lopez,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Hudson,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Baroud,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Schwenk,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              White,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Rosenberg,\n              C. R.,\n            \n            \n              Lee,\n              L.-C.,\n            \n            \n              Harrington,\n              R. A.,\n            \n            \n              Huston,\n              M.,\n             \u2026\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDietz,P. M.\n          (2020).\n\t\t\t\t\tPrevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR.\n\t\t\t\t\tSurveillance Summaries,\n\t\t\t\t\t69(4),\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t12.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-McConachie1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McConachie,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Parr,\n              J. R.,\n            \n            \n              Glod,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Hanratty,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Livingstone,\n              N.,\n            \n            \n              Oono,\n              I. P.,\n            \n            \n              Robalino,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Baird,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              Beresford,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Charman,\n              T.,\n            \n            \n              Garland,\n              D.,\n            \n            \n              Green,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Gringras,\n              P.,\n            \n            \n              Jones,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              Law,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Le Couteur,\n              A. S.,\n            \n            \n              Macdonald,\n              G.,\n            \n            \n              McColl,\n              E. M.,\n            \n            \n              Morris,\n              C.,\n             \u2026\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWilliams,K.\n          (2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tSystematic review of tools to measure outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tHealth Technology Assessment,\n\t\t\t\t\t19(41),\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t506.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta19410","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19410"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-McDuffie1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDuffie,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Kover,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Lewis,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown,T.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tProfiles of receptive and expressive language abilities in boys with comorbid fragile X syndrome and autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,\n\t\t\t\t\t117(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t18\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t32.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-117.1.18","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-117.1.18"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Moriuchi1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriuchi,\n              J. M.,\n            \n            \n              Klin,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJones,W.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tMechanisms of diminished attention to eyes in autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal of Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t174(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t26\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t35.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15091222","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15091222"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Moss1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Nelson,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Powis,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Waite,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Richards,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tOliver,C.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tA comparative study of sociability in Angelman, Cornelia de Lange, Fragile X, Down, and Rubinstein Taybi syndromes and autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,\n\t\t\t\t\t121(6),\n\t\t\t\t\t465\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t486.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-121.6.465","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-121.6.465"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Moss2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Richards,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Nelson,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Oliver,\n              C.\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHall,S.S.\n          (2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tDelineating the profile of autism spectrum disorder characteristics in Cornelia de Lange and fragile X syndromes.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, \n\t\t\t\t\t118, 55\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t73.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-118.1.55","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.1.55"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-NationalResearchCouncil1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Research Council.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tEarly childhood assessment: Why, what, and how.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe National Academies Press.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/12446","DOI":"10.17226\/12446"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Niu1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Han,\n              Y.,\n            \n            \n              Dy,\n              A. B. C.,\n            \n            \n              Du,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Jin,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Qin,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Zhang,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Li,\n              Q.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHagerman,R. J.\n          (2017).\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism symptoms in fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Neurology,\n\t\t\t\t\t32(10),\n\t\t\t\t\t903\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t909.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073817712875","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817712875"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-NordahlHansen1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordahl-Hansen,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Kaale,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUlvund,S. E.\n          (2014).\n\t\t\t\t\tLanguage assessment in children with autism spectrum disorder: Concurrent validity between report-based assessments and direct tests.\n\t\t\t\t\tResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t8(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t1100\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1106.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.05.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.05.017"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Ozonoff1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozonoff,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Goodlin-Jones,\n              B. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSolomon,M.\n          (2005).\n\t\t\t\t\tEvidence-based assessment of autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,\n\t\t\t\t\t34(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t523\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t540.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_8","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_8"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Phillips1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips,\n              W.,\n            \n            \n              Rutter,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Baron Cohen,\n              S.\n            \n          &\n\t\t\t\t\t(1992).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe role of eye contact in goal detection: Evidence from normal infants and children with autism or mental handicap.\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment and Psychopathology,\n\t\t\t\t\t4(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t375\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t383.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579400000845","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000845"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Roberts1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Crawford,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Hogan,\n              A. L.,\n            \n            \n              Fairchild,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Tonnsen,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Brewe,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              O'Connor,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Roberts,\n              D. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAbbeduto,L.\n          (2019).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial avoidance emerges in infancy and persists into adulthood in fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t49(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t3753\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3766.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04051-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04051-8"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Roberts2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts,\n              J. E.,\n            \n            \n              Weisenfeld,\n              L. A. H.,\n            \n            \n              Hatton,\n              D. D.,\n            \n            \n              Heath,\n              M.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKaufmann,W. E.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial approach and autistic behavior in children with fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t37(9),\n\t\t\t\t\t1748\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1760.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0305-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0305-9"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Rosenberg1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg,\n              R. E.,\n            \n            \n              Kaufmann,\n              W. E.,\n            \n            \n              Law,\n              J. K.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLaw,P. A.\n          (2011).\n\t\t\t\t\tParent report of community psychiatric comorbid diagnoses in autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research and Treatment, 2011, 405849.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/405849","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/405849"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-RubioCodina1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Codina,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Araujo,\n              M. C.,\n            \n            \n              Attanasio,\n              O.,\n            \n            \n              Mu\u00f1oz,\n              P.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGrantham-McGregor,S.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tConcurrent validity and feasibility of short tests currently used to measure early childhood development in large scale studies. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0160962.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0160962","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160962"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Rutter1","unstructured":"Rutter,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Bailey,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Lord,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBerument,S.\n          (2003).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial Communication Questionnaire.\n\t\t\t\t\tWestern Psychological Services."},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Sansone1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansone,\n              S. M.,\n            \n            \n              Widaman,\n              K. F.,\n            \n            \n              Hall,\n              S. S.,\n            \n            \n              Reiss,\n              A. L.,\n            \n            \n              Lightbody,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Kaufmann,\n              W. E.,\n            \n            \n              Berry-Kravis,\n              E.,\n            \n            \n              Lachiewicz,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Brown,\n              E. C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHessl,D.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychometric study of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in fragile X syndrome and implications for targeted treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t42(7),\n\t\t\t\t\t1377\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1392.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-011-1370-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1370-2"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Satterstrom1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satterstrom,\n              F. K.,\n            \n            \n              Kosmicki,\n              J. A.,\n            \n            \n              Wang,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Breen,\n              M. S.,\n            \n            \n              De Rubeis,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              An,\n              J.-Y.,\n            \n            \n              Peng,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Collins,\n              R.,\n            \n            \n              Grove,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Klei,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Stevens,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Reichert,\n              J.,\n            \n            \n              Mulhern,\n              M. S.,\n            \n            \n              Artomov,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Gerges,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Sheppard,\n              B.,\n            \n            \n              Xu,\n              X.,\n            \n            \n              Bhaduri,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Norman,\n              U.,\n             \u2026\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWalters,R. K.\n          (2020).\n\t\t\t\t\tLarge-scale exome sequencing study implicates both developmental and functional changes in the neurobiology of autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tCell,\n\t\t\t\t\t180(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t568\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t584.\n\t\t\t\t\te23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.036"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Scahill1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scahill,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Aman,\n              M. G.,\n            \n            \n              Lecavalier,\n              L.,\n            \n            \n              Halladay,\n              A. K.,\n            \n            \n              Bishop,\n              S. L.,\n            \n            \n              Bodfish,\n              J. W.,\n            \n            \n              Grondhuis,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Jones,\n              N.,\n            \n            \n              Horrigan,\n              J. P.,\n            \n            \n              Cook,\n              E. H.,\n            \n            \n              Handen,\n              B. L.,\n            \n            \n              King,\n              B. H.,\n            \n            \n              Pearson,\n              D. A.,\n            \n            \n              McCraken,\n              J. T.,\n            \n            \n              Sullivan,\n              K. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDawson,G.\n          (2015).\n\t\t\t\t\tMeasuring repetitive behaviors as a treatment endpoint in youth with autism spectrum disorder.\n\t\t\t\t\tAutism,\n\t\t\t\t\t19(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t38\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t52.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361313510069","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313510069"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Senju1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senju,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnson,M. H.\n          (2009a).\n\t\t\t\t\tAtypical eye contact in autism: Models, mechanisms and development.\n\t\t\t\t\tNeuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,\n\t\t\t\t\t33(8),\n\t\t\t\t\t1204\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1214.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.06.001"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Senju2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senju,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJohnson,M. H.\n          (2009b).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe eye contact effect: Mechanisms and development.\n\t\t\t\t\tTrends in Cognitive Sciences,\n\t\t\t\t\t13(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t127\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t134.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2008.11.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.11.009"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Smith1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith,\n              L. E.,\n            \n            \n              Barker,\n              E. T.,\n            \n            \n              Seltzer,\n              M. M.,\n            \n            \n              Abbeduto,\n              L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGreenberg,J. S.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavioral phenotype of fragile X syndrome in adolescence and adulthood.\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,\n\t\t\t\t\t117(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t17.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-117.1.1","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-117.1.1"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Sparrow1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparrow,\n              S. S.,\n            \n            \n              Cicchetti,\n              D.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBalla,D. A.\n          (2006).\n\t\t\t\t\tVineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (Vineland-II).\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychological Corporation.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t15164-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t15164-000"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Steiner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steiner,\n              A. M.,\n            \n            \n              Gengoux,\n              G. W.,\n            \n            \n              Klin,\n              A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChawarska,K.\n          (2013).\n\t\t\t\t\tPivotal response treatment for infants at-risk for autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t43(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t91\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t102.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-012-1542-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1542-8"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Tanaka1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka,\n              J. W.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSung,A.\n          (2016).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe \u201ceye avoidance\u201d hypothesis of autism face processing.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t46(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t1538\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1552.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-013-1976-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1976-7"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Venter1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venter,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Lord,\n              C.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchopler,E.\n          (1992).\n\t\t\t\t\tA follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t33(3),\n\t\t\t\t\t489\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t597.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Verkerk1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verkerk,\n              A. J. M. H.,\n            \n            \n              Pieretti,\n              M.,\n            \n            \n              Sutcliffe,\n              J. S.,\n            \n            \n              Fu,\n              Y.-H.,\n            \n            \n              Kuhl,\n              D. P. A.,\n            \n            \n              Pizzuti,\n              A.,\n            \n            \n              Reiner,\n              O.,\n            \n            \n              Richards,\n              S.,\n            \n            \n              Victoria,\n              M. F.,\n            \n            \n              Zhang,\n              F.,\n            \n            \n              Eussen,\n              B. E.,\n            \n            \n              van Ommen,\n              G.-J. B.,\n            \n            \n              Blonden,\n              L. A. J.,\n            \n            \n              Riggins,\n              G. J.,\n            \n            \n              Chastain,\n              J. L.,\n            \n            \n              Kunst,\n              C. B.,\n            \n            \n              Galjaard,\n              H.,\n            \n            \n              Thomas Caskey,\n              C.,\n            \n            \n              Nelson,\n              D. L.,\n             \u2026\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWarren,S. T.\n          (1991).\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile X syndrome.\n\t\t\t\t\tCell,\n\t\t\t\t\t65(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t905\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t914.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90397-H","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90397-H"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Vismara1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vismara,\n              L. A.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRogers,S. J.\n          (2008).\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Early Start Denver Model: A case study of an innovative practice.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Early Intervention,\n\t\t\t\t\t31(1),\n\t\t\t\t\t91\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t108.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1053815108325578","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815108325578"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Wetherby1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wetherby,\n              A. M.,\n            \n            \n              Watt,\n              N.,\n            \n            \n              Morgan,\n              L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tShumway,S.\n          (2007).\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial communication profiles of children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t37(5),\n\t\t\t\t\t960\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t975.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0237-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0237-4"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-White1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White,\n              S. W.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRoberson-Nay,R.\n          (2009).\n\t\t\t\t\tAnxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\n\t\t\t\t\t39(7),\n\t\t\t\t\t1006\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1013.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-009-0713-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0713-8"},{"key":"2022102817253181000_i1944-7558-127-6-435-Wolff1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff,\n              J. J.,\n            \n            \n              Bodfish,\n              J. W.,\n            \n            \n              Hazlett,\n              H. C.,\n            \n            \n              Lightbody,\n              A. A.,\n            \n            \n              Reiss,\n              A. L.,\n             &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPiven,J.\n          (2012).\n\t\t\t\t\tEvidence of a distinct behavioral phenotype in young boys with fragile X syndrome and autism.\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,\n\t\t\t\t\t51(12),\n\t\t\t\t\t1324\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1332.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.09.001"}],"container-title":["American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/127\/6\/435\/3137009\/i1944-7558-127-6-435.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/127\/6\/435\/3137009\/i1944-7558-127-6-435.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:35:02Z","timestamp":1768322102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article\/127\/6\/435\/487949\/Examining-Phenotypic-Differences-in-Gaze-Avoidance"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-127.6.435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-7558","1944-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-7558","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1944-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}