{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:27:48Z","timestamp":1782487668303,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Executive function is an area of challenge for both children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parent ratings of everyday executive function relate to a range of outcomes, including social functioning in ASD. Comparisons between FASD and ASD have revealed both overlapping and distinct skills, but have not addressed executive function or its relation to social function. Utilizing parent report, the current study addressed relative strengths and weaknesses across scales of everyday executive function, as well as group differences between FASD and ASD. The association between executive function and social function was also evaluated. Participants with FASD (n = 23) and ASD (n = 18) were preschool and school-age children whose caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF, BRIEF-2, or BRIEF-P) and the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition. For both groups and all examined executive function scales, scores exceeded the normative mean, indicating challenges. The groups differed significantly on only one executive function scale: working memory. In both groups, executive function was positively correlated with social functioning, even when controlling for nonverbal IQ. The current findings highlight an overlapping association between executive function and social function in FASD and ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-130.3.209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T20:01:52Z","timestamp":1745784112000},"page":"209-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Executive and Social Functioning in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Comparison to Autism"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Natalie H.","family":"Stagnone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalie H. Stagnone, John C. Thorne, Julia T. Mattson, and Sara T. Kover, University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalie H. Stagnone, John C. Thorne, Julia T. Mattson, and Sara T. Kover, University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia T.","family":"Mattson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalie H. Stagnone, John C. Thorne, Julia T. Mattson, and Sara T. Kover, University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara T.","family":"Kover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natalie H. Stagnone, John C. Thorne, Julia T. Mattson, and Sara T. Kover, University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b01","volume-title":"Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol syndrome disorders: The 4-digit diagnostic code","author":"Astley,","year":"(2004)","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b02","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Prenatal alcohol use and FASD: Diagnosis, assessment and new directions in research and multimodal yreatment","author":"Astley,","year":"(2011)"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b03","first-page":"e416","article-title":"Validation of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) 4-digit diagnostic code","volume":"20","author":"Astley,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12703","article-title":"Editorial perspective: Neurodiversity\u2014A revolutionary concept for autism and psychiatry","volume":"58","author":"Baron-Cohen,","year":"(2017)","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12865","article-title":"Caregiver-reported executive functioning and associated adaptive and challenging behaviour in children with histories of developmental delay","volume":"66","author":"Barton,","year":"(2022)","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2020.1745166","article-title":"Metacognition and behavioral regulation predict distinct aspects of social functioning in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"26","author":"Bednarz,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b07","volume-title":"Introducing disability studies","author":"Berger,","year":"(2013)","edition":"1st ed."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14547","article-title":"Validity and reliability of executive function measures in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure: Correspondence between multiple raters and laboratory measures","volume":"45","author":"Bernes,","year":"(2021)","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x","article-title":"A developmental perspective on executive function","volume":"81","author":"Best,","year":"(2010)","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01782.x","article-title":"Re-examining the core features of autism: A comparison of autism spectrum disorder and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"48","author":"Bishop,","year":"(2007)","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2176-9","article-title":"Executive functioning in children with ASD: Analysis of the BRIEF","volume":"44","author":"Blijd-Hoogewys,","year":"(2014)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.49","article-title":"Assessing autistic traits: Cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS)","volume":"1","author":"B\u00f6lte,","year":"(2008)","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b13","first-page":"18","article-title":"Avoiding ableist language: Suggestions for autism researchers","volume":"3","author":"Bottema-Beutel,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Autism in Adulthood"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-1130.2010.00278.x","article-title":"Models of disability, quality of life, and individualized supports: Implications for professional practice in intellectual disability","volume":"7","author":"Buntinx,","year":"(2010)","journal-title":"Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06351-0","article-title":"The role of everyday executive function in observed social symptoms of autism spectrum disorder","author":"Burroughs,","year":"(2024)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Online advance publication"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b16","article-title":"Executive function in ASD: History, theoretical models, empirical findings, and potential as an endophenotype","volume":"10","author":"Canitano,","year":"(2019)","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b17","first-page":"77","article-title":"The efficacy of executive function interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Cavalli,","year":"(2021)","journal-title":"Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941520962406","article-title":"The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2) in school-age children with Down syndrome at low risk for ASD","volume":"5","author":"Channell,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Autism and Developmental Language Impairments"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2171","article-title":"Misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses in foster and adopted children with prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"135","author":"Chasnoff,","year":"(2015)","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318815639","article-title":"He said, she said: Autism spectrum diagnosis and gender differentially affect relationships between executive functions and social communication","volume":"23","author":"Chouinard,","year":"(2019)","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6503a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of ASD among children aged 8 years\u2014Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Christensen,","year":"(2016)","journal-title":"MMWR. Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b22","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen,","year":"(1988)","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b23","volume-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale second edition (SRS) manual","author":"Constantino,","year":"(2012)"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025014929212","article-title":"Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: Comparison of the Social Responsiveness Scale with the ADI-R","volume":"33","author":"Constantino,","year":"(2003)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b25","article-title":"Neurocognitive function and joint attention ability in young children with autism spectrum disorder versus developmental delay","volume":"73","author":"Dawson,","year":"(2002)","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b26","first-page":"184","article-title":"Autism and neurodiversity: Addressing concerns and offering implications for the school-based speech-language pathologist","volume":"6","author":"DeThorne,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2012.03.001","article-title":"Influences on the congruence between parents\u2019 and teachers\u2019 ratings of young children's social skills and problem behaviors","volume":"28","author":"Dinnebeil,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0020-y","article-title":"Spatial cognition in ASD: Superior, impaired, or just intact","volume":"35","author":"Edgin,","year":"(2005)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b29","article-title":"Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: A review","volume":"20","author":"Ferri,","year":"(2018)","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2350","article-title":"The role of executive functioning in predicting social competence in children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Fong,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b31","first-page":"2158","article-title":"Reliability of the commonly used and newly-developed autism measures","volume":"54","author":"Frazier,","year":"(2023)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3079-3","article-title":"Brief report: Examining executive and social functioning in elementary-aged children with autism","volume":"47","author":"Freeman,","year":"(2017)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01681.x","article-title":"Not all executive functions are related to intelligence","volume":"17","author":"Friedman,","year":"(2006)","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.933792","article-title":"Executive functioning deficits in preschool children with FASD","volume":"21","author":"Fuglestad,","year":"(2015)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936019","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.936019","article-title":"Neurophysiological correlates of memory change in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders treated with choline","volume":"13","author":"Fuglestad,","year":"(2022)","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1877","article-title":"Everyday executive function predicts adaptive and internalizing behavior among children with and without ASD","volume":"11","author":"Gardiner,","year":"(2018)","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00276.x","article-title":"How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism","author":"Geurts,","year":"(2004)","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b38","volume-title":"Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function\u2014Preschool Version professional manual","author":"Gioia,","year":"(2003)"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b39","volume-title":"Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function","author":"Gioia,","year":"(2015)"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b40","volume-title":"BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function","author":"Gioia,","year":"(2000)"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.4.241.13504","article-title":"Adaptive skills and executive function in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"8","author":"Gilotty,","year":"(2002)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01990.x","article-title":"Executive function deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders measured using the CANTAB","volume":"50","author":"Green,","year":"(2009)","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2853","article-title":"Atypical development of social and nonsocial working memory capacity among preschoolers with ASD","volume":"16","author":"Gong,","year":"(2023)","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01318-2","article-title":"Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style","volume":"3","author":"Happ\u00e9,","year":"(1999)","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris,","year":"(2009)","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris,","year":"(2019)","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231154310","article-title":"Associations between executive function and attention abilities and language and social communication skills in young autistic children","volume":"27","author":"Howard,","year":"(2023)","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03958-6","article-title":"Parent reports of executive function associated with functional communication and conversational skills among school age children with and without ASD","volume":"50","author":"Hutchison,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b49","first-page":"137","article-title":"The relationship of theory of mind and executive functions to symptom type and severity in children with autism","volume":"16","author":"Joseph,","year":"(2004)","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014506","article-title":"Nativism versus neuroconstructivism: rethinking the study of developmental disorders","volume":"45","author":"Karmiloff-Smith,","year":"(2009)","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-127.5.355","article-title":"The strengths and positive influences of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"127","author":"Kautz-Turnbull,","year":"(2022)","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"(14)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715622016","article-title":"Comparing executive functioning in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and ADHD: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Khoury,","year":"(2019)","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05034-4","article-title":"Comparing the executive function ability of autistic and non-autistic adolescents with a manualised battery of neuropsychological tasks","volume":"52","author":"Kenny,","year":"(2022)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-008-9077-7","article-title":"Understanding executive control in ASD in the lab and in the real world","volume":"18","author":"Kenworthy,","year":"(2008)","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2015.1109513","article-title":"Attention and working memory training in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"6","author":"Kerns,","year":"(2017)","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology. Child"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2104-z","article-title":"Theory of mind and executive function in preschoolers with typical development versus intellectually able preschoolers with ASD","volume":"44","author":"Kimhi,","year":"(2014)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b57","first-page":"116","article-title":"Executive function deficits in FASD and ADHD\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Kingdon,","year":"(2016)","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.73","article-title":"Neurocognitive profile in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"15","author":"Kodituwakku,","year":"(2009)","journal-title":"Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-128.5.350","article-title":"Toward equity in research on intellectual and developmental disabilities","volume":"128","author":"Kover,","year":"(2023)","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.1.3","article-title":"Establishing equivalence: Methodological progress in group-matching design and analysis","volume":"118","author":"Kover,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2013.820305","article-title":"A neurodevelopmental perspective on the acquisition of nonverbal cognitive skills in adolescents with fragile X syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Kover,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01661.x","article-title":"A review of social skills deficits in individuals with FASD and prenatal alcohol exposure: Profiles, mechanisms, and interventions","volume":"36","author":"Kully-Martens,","year":"(2012)","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b63","article-title":"FASD: Neurodevelopmentally and behaviorally indistinguishable from other neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"19","author":"Lange,","year":"(2019)","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9163-0","article-title":"Imaging the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on the structure of the developing human brain","volume":"21","author":"Lebel,","year":"(2011)","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1005066","article-title":"The role of executive functions in social impairment in ASD","volume":"22","author":"Leung,","year":"(2016)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b66","article-title":"Parent-Teacher disagreement on ratings of behavior problems in children with ASD","author":"Levinson,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/15475441.2018.1455584","article-title":"Individual differences in children\u2019s pragmatic ability: A review of associations with formal language, social cognition, and executive functions","volume":"14","author":"Matthews,","year":"(2018)","journal-title":"Language Learning and Development"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s40817-020-00089-0","article-title":"Relationship between task-based and parent report-based measures of attention and executive function in children with FASD","volume":"6","author":"Mattson,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b69","volume-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (Vol. 43, Issue 6, pp. 1046\u20131062)","author":"Mattson,","year":"(2019)"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b70","article-title":"Executive Functioning in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure","volume":"23","author":"Mattson,","year":"(1999)","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b71","first-page":"226","article-title":"Parent ratings of behavior in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and IQ-matched controls","volume":"24","author":"Mattson,","year":"(2000)","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01952.x","article-title":"Further development of a neurobehavioral profile of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"37","author":"Mattson,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000093","article-title":"Is the behavior rating inventory of executive function more strongly associated with measures of impairment or executive function","volume":"16","author":"Mcauley,","year":"(2010)","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b74","first-page":"108","article-title":"Assessing FASD in young children: exploring clinical complexities and diagnostic challenges","volume":"22","author":"Mclachlan,","year":"(2015)","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2018.1516202","article-title":"Comparisons of the BRIEF parental report and neuropsychological clinical tests of executive function in FASD: data from the UK national specialist clinic","volume":"25","author":"Mohamed,","year":"(2019)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.889110","article-title":"Improving executive functioning in children with FASD","volume":"21","author":"Nash,","year":"(2015)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b77","unstructured":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities\n          . (2020). Spotlight on a new pattern in racial and ethnic differences emerges in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identification among 8-year-old children. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/addm-community-report\/spotlight-on-racial-ethnic-differences.html"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2822-5","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis of SRS-2 teacher ratings for youth with ASD","volume":"46","author":"Nelson,","year":"(2016)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.4.639","article-title":"A controlled social skills training for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"74","author":"O\u2019Connor,","year":"(2006)","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315094861-2","volume-title":"Disability and equality law","author":"Oliver,","year":"(2017)"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.4.974","article-title":"Links between theory of mind and executive function in young children with autism: Clues to developmental primacy","volume":"43","author":"Pellicano,","year":"(2007)","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2016.1191628","article-title":"Parent rating of executive function in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A review of the literature and new data on Aboriginal Canadian children","volume":"23","author":"Rai,","year":"(2017)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01152.x","article-title":"An evaluation of social skills in children with and without prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"37","author":"Rasmussen,","year":"(2011)","journal-title":"Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b84","article-title":"Parental ratings of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder on the BRIEF","volume":"5","author":"Rasmussen,","year":"(2007)","journal-title":"Journal of FAS International"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-20-00707","article-title":"Informant (dis)agreement on ratings of challenging behaviors and social communication in preschool children with ASD","volume":"64","author":"Reetzke,","year":"(2021)","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b86","volume-title":"Leiter International Performance Scale","author":"Roid,","year":"(2013)","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031299","article-title":"Impairments in real-world executive function increase from childhood to adolescence in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"27","author":"Rosenthal,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b88","first-page":"13","article-title":"Becoming FASD informed: Strengthening practice and programs working with women with FASD","volume":"10","author":"Rutman,","year":"(2016)","journal-title":"Substance Use: Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2001.62.239","article-title":"Verbal and nonverbal fluency in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"62","author":"Schonfeld,","year":"(2001)","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040600611338","article-title":"Executive functioning predicts social skills following prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"12","author":"Schonfeld,","year":"(2006)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.3.577","article-title":"New developments in pairwise multiple comparisons: Some powerful and practicable procedures","volume":"110","author":"Seaman,","year":"(1991)","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2015.03.001","article-title":"Do parents favor their adoptive or biological children? Predictions from kin selection and compensatory models","volume":"36","author":"Segal,","year":"(2015)","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b93","first-page":"1967","article-title":"Real world executive control impairments in preschoolers with ASD","volume":"43","author":"Smithson,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism Development"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2012.727791","article-title":"Autism characteristics in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"19","author":"Stevens,","year":"(2013)","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2020.03.010","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on facial morphology in children with ASD","volume":"86","author":"Tan,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06463-7","article-title":"Everyday executive function in preschoolers with autism and links with intellectual functioning, adaptive behavior, and autism symptoms","author":"Terroux,","year":"(2024)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Online ahead of print"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2017.00258","article-title":"Metacognitive aspects of executive function are highly associated with social functioning on parent-rated measures in children with ASD","volume":"11","author":"Torske,","year":"(2018)","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.05.006","article-title":"The role of every-day executive function in social impairment and adaptive skills in autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability","volume":"53","author":"Tsermentseli,","year":"(2018)","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04505-4","article-title":"Performance-Based Executive Functioning Abilities are Associated with Caregiver Report of Adaptive Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"50","author":"Udhnani,","year":"(2020)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0250-7","article-title":"Executive function in preschoolers with autism: Evidence consistent with a secondary deficit","volume":"37","author":"Yerys,","year":"(2007)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"2025042720014781500_i1944-7558-130-3-209-b101","article-title":"Differences in daily life executive functioning between people with autism and people with schizophrenia","author":"Yon-Hern\u00e1ndez,","year":"(2022)","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"}],"container-title":["American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/130\/3\/209\/3510676\/i1944-7558-130-3-209.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article-pdf\/130\/3\/209\/3510676\/i1944-7558-130-3-209.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:35:14Z","timestamp":1768322114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/ajidd\/article\/130\/3\/209\/506621\/Executive-and-Social-Functioning-in-Fetal-Alcohol"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-130.3.209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-7558","1944-7515"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-7558","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1944-7515","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}}}