{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:31:28Z","timestamp":1790818288969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Project MUSE","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["bhm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">\nThe global demographic impact of the 1918-19 influenza\npandemic continues to fascinate researchers and scholars. This\npaper examines the social and demographic effects of this outbreak\non Iranian society, through a comprehensive investigation of the\nmodes of transmission and propagation, mortality rates, and other\ndistinctive features of the region, and reveals the importance of\ntaking a country's unique sociopolitical settings into account. Iran\nwas one of the regions hit hardest by the pandemic, with mortality rates\nsignificantly higher than in most regions of the world. Though globally\nthe victims of influenza lived primarily in urban areas, it was Iran's\nrural regions that suffered the most casualties. In addition, contrary\nto the prevailing notion that the 1918 influenza targeted the young and\nhealthy, this paper suggests that famine, opium consumption, malaria,\nand anemia were fundamentally responsible for the high mortality in Iran.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2003.0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,7]],"date-time":"2007-02-07T03:56:20Z","timestamp":1170820580000},"page":"367-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Compromised Constitutions: The Iranian Experience with the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1353","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Afkhami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"147","container-title":["Bulletin of the History of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T19:50:42Z","timestamp":1705693842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/43524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/bhm.2003.0049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1086-3176"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1086-3176","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}}}