{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:19:28Z","timestamp":1790857168700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]],"date-time":"2001-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":993945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The pathologic and peroxidase immunohistochemical features of West Nile flavivirus (WNV) infection were compared in four horses from the northeastern United States and six horses from central Italy. In all 10 animals, there were mild to severe polioencephalomyelitis with small T lymphocyte and lesser macrophage perivascular infiltrate, multifocal glial nodules, neutrophils, and occasional neuronophagia. Perivascular hemorrhages, also noted macroscopically in two animals, were observed in 50% of the horses. In the four American horses, lesions extended from the basal nuclei through the brain stem and to the sacral spinal cord and were more severe than the lesions observed in the six Italian horses, which had moderate to severe lesions mainly in the thoracolumbar spinal cord and mild rhombencephalic lesions. WNV antigen was scant and was identified within the cytoplasm of a few neurons, fibers, glial cells, and macrophages. WNV infection in horses is characterized by lesions with little associated antigen when compared with WNV infection in birds and some fatal human infections and with other important viral encephalitides of horses, such as alphavirus infections and rabies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-4-414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,24]],"date-time":"2003-04-24T20:18:19Z","timestamp":1051215499000},"page":"414-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Findings in Naturally Occurring West Nile Virus Infection in Horses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Cantile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Del Piero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Di Guardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Arispici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Facolt\u00e0 di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(89)90090-X"},{"key":"bibr2-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777612080"},{"key":"bibr3-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"944","volume":"48","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1999","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"bibr4-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"1044","volume":"49","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2000","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"bibr5-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"444","volume":"35","author":"Del Piero F","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"bibr6-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"291","volume":"8","author":"Del Piero F","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Equine Infect Dis"},{"key":"bibr7-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.38-4-451"},{"key":"bibr8-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120786"},{"key":"bibr9-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"539","volume":"114","author":"Guillon JC","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur"},{"key":"bibr10-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990506"},{"key":"bibr11-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"157","volume":"38","author":"Ilkal MA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"bibr12-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"159","volume":"44","author":"Joubert L","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull Acad V\u00e9t"},{"key":"bibr13-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.1.1201"},{"key":"bibr14-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5448.2333"},{"key":"bibr15-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-11-2711"},{"key":"bibr16-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"399","volume":"48","author":"Monath TP","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"bibr17-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120713"},{"key":"bibr18-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"161","volume":"21","author":"Odelola HA","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Virol (Praha)"},{"key":"bibr19-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"107","volume":"44","author":"Oudar J","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull Acad V\u00e9t"},{"key":"bibr20-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"147","volume":"44","author":"Oudar J","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull Acad V\u00e9t"},{"key":"bibr21-vp.38-4-414","first-page":"106","volume":"68","author":"Parks JJ","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"bibr22-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510060031002"},{"key":"bibr23-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/hp.2000.8047"},{"key":"bibr24-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1963.11686194"},{"key":"bibr25-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1593105"},{"key":"bibr26-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.17.1.1083"},{"key":"bibr27-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000407"},{"key":"bibr28-vp.38-4-414","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471"},{"key":"bibr29-vp.38-4-414","unstructured":"29 Snook CS, Hyman SS, Del Piero F, Palmer JE, Ostlund EN, Barr BS, Desrochers AM, Reilly LK. 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