{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:16:44Z","timestamp":1793744204746,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The first evidence suggestive of in vivo gas bubble formation in cetacea, including eight animals stranded in the UK, has recently been reported. This article presents the pathologic findings from these eight UK-stranded cetaceans and two additional UK-stranded cetacean cases in detail. Hepatic gas-filled cavitary lesions (0.2-6.0 cm diameter) involving approximately 5\u201390% of the liver volume were found in four (two juvenile, two adult) Risso's dolphins ( Grampus griseus), three (two adult, one juvenile) common dolphins ( Delphinus delphis), an adult Blainville's beaked whale ( Mesoplodon densirostris), and an adult harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena). Histopathologic examination of the seven dolphin cases with gross liver cavities revealed variable degrees of pericavitary fibrosis, microscopic, intrahepatic, spherical, nonstaining cavities (typically 50\u2013750 \u03bcm in diameter) consistent with gas emboli within distended portal vessels and sinusoids and associated with hepatic tissue compression, hemorrhages, fibrin\/organizing thrombi, and foci of acute hepatocellular necrosis. Two common dolphins also had multiple and bilateral gross renal cavities (2.0\u20139.0 mm diameter) that, microscopically, were consistent with acute ( n = 2) and chronic ( n = 1) arterial gas emboli-induced renal infarcts. Microscopic, bubblelike cavities were also found in mesenteric lymph node ( n = 4), adrenal ( n = 2), spleen ( n = 2), pulmonary associated lymph node ( n = 1), posterior cervical lymph node ( n = 1), and thyroid ( n = 1). No bacterial organisms were isolated from five of six cavitated livers and one of one cavitated kidneys. The etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions are not known, although a decompression-related mechanism involving embolism of intestinal gas or de novo gas bubble (emboli) development derived from tissues supersaturated with nitrogen is suspected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-3-291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]],"date-time":"2005-05-04T21:58:27Z","timestamp":1115243907000},"page":"291-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Acute and Chronic Gas Bubble Lesions in Cetaceans Stranded in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"P. D.","family":"Jepson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Deaville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. A. P.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Unit, SAC Veterinary Services Division (Inverness), Inverness, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Pocknell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Services, Zoological Society of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Unit, SAC Veterinary Services Division (Inverness), Inverness, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. E.","family":"Howie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAC Veterinary Services Division (Edinburgh), Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Unit, SAC Veterinary Services Division (Inverness), Inverness, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Colloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Laboratories Agency Truro, Truro, Cornwall, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-vp.42-3-291","volume-title":"Protocol for the post-mortem examination of pinnipeds","author":"Baker JR","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr2-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"Bayliss High OB","year":"1996","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1995.14.12.967"},{"key":"bibr4-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"117","volume":"22","author":"Butler BD","year":"1995","journal-title":"Undersea Hyperb Med"},{"key":"bibr5-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Robbin's Pathologic Basis of Disease","author":"Cotran RS","year":"1989","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr6-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100603"},{"key":"bibr7-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.414859"},{"key":"bibr8-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Bove and Davis' Diving Medicine","author":"Dukta AJ","year":"1997","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr9-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)03651-2"},{"key":"bibr10-vp.42-3-291","unstructured":"10 Evans DL, England GR, ed. Joint Interim Report Ba-hamas Marine Mammal Stranding Event of 14-16 March 2000, p. 61. US Department of Commerce (NOAA)\/US Navy, 2001. www.nmfs.noaa.gov\/prot_res\/overview\/Interim_Bahamas_Report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr11-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4023700"},{"key":"bibr12-vp.42-3-291","volume":"17","author":"Fernandez A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Annu Conf Eur Cetacean Soc"},{"key":"bibr13-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13 Fernandez A, Arbelo M, Deaville R, Patterson IAR, Castro P, Baker JR, Degollada E, Ross HM, Herr\u00e1ez P, Pocknell AM, Rodriguez E, Howie FE, Espinosa A, Reid RJ, Jaber JR, Martin V, Cunningham AA, Jepson PD: Whales, sonar and decompression sickness (reply). Nature doi: 10.1038\/nature02528, 2004","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02528a"},{"key":"bibr14-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving","author":"Ferrigno M","year":"2003","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr15-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"530","volume-title":"Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving","author":"Francis TJR","year":"2003","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr16-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32068"},{"key":"bibr17-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030240104"},{"key":"bibr18-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.4.308"},{"key":"bibr19-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00433.x"},{"key":"bibr20-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2415"},{"key":"bibr21-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/425575a"},{"key":"bibr22-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"659","volume-title":"Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving","author":"Jones JP","year":"2003","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr23-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-391606-8.50010-7"},{"key":"bibr24-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.407688"},{"key":"bibr25-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83602-2"},{"key":"bibr26-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.60.1.19"},{"key":"bibr27-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Handbook of Marine Mammals, vol.6, The Second Book of Dolphins and the Porpoises","author":"Kruse S","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr28-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.134.4.81"},{"key":"bibr29-vp.42-3-291","volume":"97","author":"Law RJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fish Res Tech Rep"},{"key":"bibr30-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)03652-4"},{"key":"bibr31-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.40-6-698"},{"key":"bibr32-vp.42-3-291","volume":"306","author":"Moore MJ","year":"2215","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bibr33-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"557","volume-title":"Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving","author":"Neuman TS","year":"2003","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr34-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1965.20.5.1028"},{"key":"bibr35-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.138.12.1367"},{"key":"bibr36-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving","author":"Ponganis PJ","year":"2003","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr37-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"590","volume-title":"Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine","author":"Ridgway SH","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr38-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.505001"},{"key":"bibr39-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.216.4546.651"},{"key":"bibr40-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-391607-5.50009-1"},{"key":"bibr41-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"365","volume":"131","author":"Schwerzmann M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"bibr42-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"Shilling CW","year":"1933","journal-title":"US Nav Med Bull"},{"key":"bibr43-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351448a0"},{"key":"bibr44-vp.42-3-291","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine","author":"Simpson JG","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr45-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.214.6.1225"},{"key":"bibr46-vp.42-3-291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.36-5-391"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1354\/vp.42-3-291","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1354\/vp.42-3-291","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1354\/vp.42-3-291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:28:16Z","timestamp":1740979696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1354\/vp.42-3-291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1354\/vp.42-3-291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1354\/vp.42-3-291","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}}}