{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:55:45Z","timestamp":1790913345997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Nocardia spp. infections in mammals cause pyogranulomatous lesions in a variety of organs, most typically the lung. Members of the Nocardia asteroides complex are the most frequently recognized pathogens. Nine cases of nocardiosis in free-ranging pinnipeds and 10 cases of nocardiosis in cetaceans were evaluated. Host species included the hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata, n = 8), leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx, n = 1), Atlantic bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus, n = 4), beluga whale ( Delphinapterus leucas, n = 4), and killer whale ( Orcinus orca, n = 2). The most common presentation of nocardiosis in both pinnipeds and cetaceans was the systemic form, involving 2 or more organs. Organs most frequently affected were lung and thoracic lymph nodes in 7 of 9 cases in pinnipeds and 8 of 10 cases in cetaceans. Molecular identification and bacterial isolation demonstrated a variety of pathogenic species. N. asteroides, N. farcinica, N. brasiliensis, and N. otitisdiscaviarum are pathogenic for pinnipeds. In cetaceans N. asteroides, N. farcinica, N. brasiliensis, N. cyriacigeorgica, and N. levis are pathogenic. Hematoxylin and eosin and acid fast staining failed to reveal bacteria in every case, whereas modified acid fast and Grocott's methenamine silver consistently demonstrated the characteristic organisms. In both pinnipeds and cetaceans, juvenile animals were affected more often than adults. Hooded seals demonstrated more cases of nocardiosis than other pinnipeds. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.46-2-299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,4]],"date-time":"2009-03-04T09:03:55Z","timestamp":1236157435000},"page":"299-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Comparative Pathology of Nocardiosis in Marine Mammals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"J. A. St.","family":"Leger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SeaWorld, San Diego, CA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of\r            Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Begeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SeaWorld, San Diego, CA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of\r            Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fleetwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,\r            Washington, DC;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"JR","given":"S.","family":"Frasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of\r            Connecticut, Storrs, CT;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Lair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore,\r            MD;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Trembley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Linn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois, Maywood, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Terio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois, Maywood, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Laboratory Methods in Histotechnology","author":"Arrington JB","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr2-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.2.213"},{"key":"bibr3-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.22.3.867-877.1978"},{"key":"bibr4-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.28.1.185-189.1980"},{"key":"bibr5-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060447"},{"key":"bibr6-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Veterinary Microbiology","author":"Biberstein EL","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr7-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006"},{"key":"bibr8-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5748.538"},{"key":"bibr9-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AM.28.2.193-198.1974"},{"key":"bibr10-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652007000400009"},{"key":"bibr11-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90121-9"},{"key":"bibr12-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.9.267"},{"key":"bibr13-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(03)90102-0"},{"key":"bibr14-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1977.34428"},{"key":"bibr15-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"16","volume":"37","author":"Degollada E","year":"1996","journal-title":"ECS Newsl Special Issue"},{"key":"bibr16-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103s473"},{"key":"bibr17-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03138.x"},{"key":"bibr18-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420041637.ch16"},{"key":"bibr19-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"141","volume":"1","author":"El-sersy NA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Oceans Oceanogr"},{"key":"bibr20-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"673","volume":"32","author":"Ferns L","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr21-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.27.2.643-649.1980"},{"key":"bibr22-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.13.5.1490-1496.1976"},{"key":"bibr23-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.37.100183.001201"},{"key":"bibr24-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470752487.ch12"},{"key":"bibr25-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"105","volume":"41","author":"Higgens R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr26-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)01074-9"},{"key":"bibr27-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1989.tb00346.x"},{"key":"bibr28-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2003.1505"},{"key":"bibr29-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"542","volume":"67","author":"Jasmin C","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin"},{"key":"bibr30-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"484","volume-title":"Veterinary Pathology","author":"Jones TC","year":"1997","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr31-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000024706.02325.c0"},{"key":"bibr32-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(98)80045-5"},{"key":"bibr33-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006857801113"},{"key":"bibr34-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.06.917","volume":"201","author":"Kirpensteijn J","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr35-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503888"},{"key":"bibr36-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000141100.30871.39"},{"key":"bibr37-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.6.891"},{"key":"bibr38-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(78)90086-5"},{"key":"bibr39-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"50","volume":"8","author":"Macneill AC","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aquat Mamm"},{"key":"bibr40-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2006.00004.x"},{"key":"bibr41-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(88)90038-2"},{"key":"bibr42-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.3.357"},{"key":"bibr43-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pathobiology of Marine Mammal Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Migaki G","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr44-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.13.3.548-553.1981"},{"key":"bibr45-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-6.2.112"},{"key":"bibr46-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441664"},{"key":"bibr47-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47 Scheffer VB: Growth layers on the teeth of Pinnipedia as an indication of                   age, vol. 112, pp.                309\u2013311. US Fish and Wildlife                   Service, Seattle, WA,                   1950","DOI":"10.1126\/science.112.2907.309-b"},{"key":"bibr48-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"550","volume-title":"Pathology of Domestic Animals","volume":"3","author":"Schlafer DH","year":"2007","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr49-vp.46-2-299","first-page":"946","volume":"169","author":"Sweeney JC","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr50-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.23.1.175-176.1986"},{"key":"bibr51-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900320"},{"key":"bibr52-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379555"},{"key":"bibr53-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-10.2.149"},{"key":"bibr54-vp.46-2-299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000219273.57933.48"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1354\/vp.46-2-299","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1354\/vp.46-2-299","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1354\/vp.46-2-299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T14:43:43Z","timestamp":1741013023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1354\/vp.46-2-299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1354\/vp.46-2-299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1354\/vp.46-2-299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}