{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:04:28Z","timestamp":1791086668242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the long-term role of ER\u03b2 in the regulation of longitudinal bone growth, appendicular and axial skeletal growth was followed and compared in female ER\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212, ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212, and ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Our results show that ER\u03b2 inhibits appendicular and axial skeletal growth and has the capacity to induce fusion of the growth plates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Introduction: Estrogen affects skeletal growth and promotes growth plate fusion in humans. In rodents, the growth plates do not fuse after sexual maturation, but prolonged treatment with supraphysiological levels of estradiol has the capacity to fuse the growth plates. It should be emphasized that the estrogen receptor (ER)\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212 and the ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212, but not the ER\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212, mouse models have clearly increased serum levels of estradiol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Materials and Methods: The skeletal growth was monitored by X-ray and dynamic histomorphometry, and the growth plates were analyzed by quantitative histology, calcein double labeling, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and TUNEL assay in 4- and 18-month-old female ER\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212, ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212, and ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212 mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Young adult (4-month-old) ER\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212 mice demonstrated an increased axial- and appendicular-skeletal growth, supporting the notion that ER\u03b2 inhibits skeletal growth in young adult female mice. Interestingly, the growth plates were consistently fused in the appendicular skeleton of 18-month-old female ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212 mice. This fusion of growth plates, caused by a prolonged exposure to supraphysiological levels of estradiol in female ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212 mice, must be mediated through ER\u03b2 because old ER\u03b1\u2212\/\u2212\u03b2\u2212\/\u2212 mice displayed unchanged, unfused growth plates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Our results confirm that ER\u03b2 is a physiological inhibitor of appendicular- and axial-skeletal growth in young adult female mice. Furthermore, we made the novel observation that ER\u03b2, after prolonged supraphysiological estradiol exposure, has the capacity to mediate growth plate fusion in old female mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.0301203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,27]],"date-time":"2006-04-27T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1146103104000},"page":"72-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Estrogen Receptor-\u03b2 Inhibits Skeletal Growth and Has the Capacity to Mediate Growth Plate Fusion in Female Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"AS","family":"Chagin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MK","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Moverare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J-\u00c5","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"S\u00e4vendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 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