{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:48:44Z","timestamp":1777186124465,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Small birth size is associated with reduced adult bone mass. We determined if antenatal betamethasone exposure, birth weight, or prematurity affects peak bone mass in 174 adults. Antenatal betamethasone exposure did not. Lower birth weight and prematurity predicted reduced adult height. Slower fetal growth rather than prematurity predicted lower bone mass, but this lower bone mass was appropriate for reduced adult height.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Introduction: Small size at birth is reported to be associated with lower bone mass in adulthood. However, previous studies have not distinguished the relative contributions of length of gestation and fetal growth to size at birth. Fetal exposure to excess glucocorticoids has been proposed as a core mechanism underlying the associations between birth size and later disease risk. Antenatal glucocorticoids are given to pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery for the prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in their infants. We determined the relationship of antenatal exposure to betamethasone, birth weight, and prematurity to peak bone mass and femoral geometry in the adult survivors of the first randomized trial of antenatal glucocorticoids.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Materials and Methods: We studied 174 young adults (mean age, 31 years) whose mothers participated in a randomized trial of antenatal betamethasone. Mothers received two doses of intramuscular betamethasone or placebo 24 h apart. Two thirds of participants were born preterm (&amp;lt;37 weeks gestation). We measured indices of bone mass and size and derived estimates of volumetric density and bone geometry from DXA assessments of the lumbar spine, femur, and total body.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: There were no differences between betamethasone-exposed and placebo-exposed groups in any of the lumbar spine, femur, or total body DXA measures. There was no effect of antenatal betamethasone on adult height, although leg length was increased relative to trunk length (p = 0.002). A lighter birth weight (p \u2264 0.001) and lower gestational age (p = 0.013) were associated with shorter stature (height Z scores) at age 31 years. Prematurity had no effect on peak bone mass or femoral geometry. However, lower birth weight, independent of gestational age, was associated with lower later bone mass (p &amp;lt; 0.001 for lumbar spine and total body, p = 0.003 for femoral neck BMC). These effects on bone mass were related to bone size and not to estimates of volumetric density. In the femur, lower birth weight, independent of gestational age, was associated with narrowing of the upper shaft and narrow neck regions.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions: Antenatal betamethasone exposure does not affect peak bone mass or femoral geometry in adulthood. Birth weight and prematurity predict adult height, but it is slower fetal growth, rather than prematurity, that predicts lower peak bone mass. The lower peak bone mass in those born small is appropriate for their adult height.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,26]],"date-time":"2006-07-26T13:48:00Z","timestamp":1153921680000},"page":"1175-1186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Peak Bone Mass After Exposure to Antenatal Betamethasone and Prematurity: Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Stuart R","family":"Dalziel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheryl","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Cundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Parag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane E","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib1","volume-title":"Mothers, Babies and Health in Later Life","author":"Barker","year":"1998","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s002230001148","article-title":"Birth weight, birth length, and bone density in prepubertal children: Evidence for an association that may be mediated by genetic factors","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1554-5","article-title":"Birth weight and musculoskeletal health in 36-year-old men and women: Results from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study","volume":"15","author":"te Velde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg227","article-title":"Association of birth weight with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in adult twins","volume":"42","author":"Antoniades","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070085","article-title":"Birth weight as a predictor of adult bone mass in postmenopausal women: The Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"11","author":"Yarbrough","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib6","first-page":"267","article-title":"Intrauterine programming of adult body composition","volume":"86","author":"Gale","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000155754.67821.CA","article-title":"Birth weight and weight at 1 year are independent determinants of bone mass in the seventh decade: The Hertfordshire Cohort Study","volume":"57","author":"Dennison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.1.17","article-title":"Growth in infancy and bone mass in later life","volume":"56","author":"Cooper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170061","article-title":"Maternal height, childhood growth and risk of hip fracture in later life: A longitudinal study","volume":"12","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00618.x","article-title":"Early life influences on serum 1,25 (OH) vitamin D","volume":"19","author":"Arden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00350.x","article-title":"Birthweight, vitamin D receptor genotype and the programming of osteoporosis","volume":"15","author":"Dennison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00035-8","article-title":"Growth hormone predicts bone density in elderly women","volume":"32","author":"Dennison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0151","article-title":"Polymorphism in the growth hormone gene, weight in infancy, and adult bone mass","volume":"89","author":"Dennison","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib14","first-page":"3058","article-title":"Profiles of endogenous circulating cortisol and bone mineral density in healthy elderly men","volume":"84","author":"Dennison","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90138-7","article-title":"Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: New model for adult hypertension","volume":"341","author":"Benediktsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1740411","article-title":"Affected skeletal growth but normal bone mineralization in rat offspring after prenatal dexamethasone exposure","volume":"174","author":"Swolin-Eide","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes","volume":"12","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"1994","journal-title":"NIH Consensus Statement"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib18","first-page":"CD000065","article-title":"Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth","volume":"2","author":"Crowley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7467.675","article-title":"Epidemiology of preterm birth","volume":"329","author":"Tucker","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib20","first-page":"356","article-title":"Statistics, not memories: What was the standard of care for administering antenatal steroids to women in preterm labor between 1985 and 2000","volume":"102","author":"Meadow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66617-2","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors after exposure to antenatal betamethasone: 30-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"365","author":"Dalziel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.4.515","article-title":"A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants","volume":"50","author":"Liggins","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib23","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","author":"Howie","year":"1977"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.1.99","article-title":"School progress and cognitive development of 6-year-old children whose mothers were treated antenatally with betamethasone","volume":"70","author":"MacArthur","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib25","volume-title":"Anthropometrica","author":"Norton","year":"1996"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070204","article-title":"New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data","volume":"7","author":"Carter","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.12.2297","article-title":"Structural trends in the aging femoral neck and proximal shaft: Analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data","volume":"15","author":"Beck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199001000-00004","article-title":"Predicting femoral neck strength from bone mineral data. A structural approach","volume":"25","author":"Beck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90010-1","article-title":"Non-invasive measurement of long bone cross-sectional moment of inertia by photon absorptiometry","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.6.1108","article-title":"Structural adaptation to changing skeletal load in the progression toward hip fragility: The study of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"16","author":"Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.3.340","article-title":"Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis","volume":"79","author":"Greenland","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib32","volume-title":"CDC Growth Charts: United States","author":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(96)01783-5","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of growth and bone mineral accretion in prematurely born infants treated for chronic lung disease with dexamethasone","volume":"47","author":"Weiler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03333.x","article-title":"Body composition in infants with chronic lung disease after treatment with dexamethasone","volume":"91","author":"Bolt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.9.889","article-title":"Bone mineral content in bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"62","author":"Ryan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.83.2.F109","article-title":"Effects of prematurity, intrauterine growth status, and early dexamethasone treatment on postnatal bone mineralisation","volume":"83","author":"Kurl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(99)00039-0","article-title":"Bone metabolism and circulating IGF-I and IGFBPs in dexamethasone-treated preterm infants","volume":"56","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(02)00003-8","article-title":"Growth and bone mineralization of young adults weighing less than 1500 g at birth","volume":"67","author":"Weiler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.5.810","article-title":"Bone mineralization and turnover in preterm infants at 8-12 years of age: The effect of early diet","volume":"14","author":"Fewtrell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041252","article-title":"Dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in the perinatal period affects bone parameters in adult female rats","volume":"92","author":"Korotkova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-2104-9","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to a maternal low protein diet reduces adult bone mass and alters growth plate morphology in rats","volume":"71","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.407","article-title":"Physical growth and current health status of infants who were of extremely low birth weight and controls at adolescence","volume":"108","author":"Saigal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050088","article-title":"The Tromso Study: Body height, body mass index and fractures","volume":"8","author":"Joakimsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.12.1932","article-title":"Predictors for falls and fractures in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam","volume":"13","author":"Tromp","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00309.x","article-title":"Body anthropometry and the risk of hip and wrist fractures in men: Results from a prospective study","volume":"6","author":"Owusu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(96)00196-2","article-title":"The relationship between anthropometric measurements and fractures in women","volume":"19","author":"Gunnes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.4.783","article-title":"Body height and hip fracture: A cohort study of 90,000 women","volume":"24","author":"Hemenway","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh052","article-title":"Associations of birth weight and length, childhood size, and smoking with bone fractures during growth: Evidence from a birth cohort study","volume":"159","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024013019382536000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.10_Spec_No.1384","article-title":"Are preterm infants at risk for subsequent fractures","volume":"64","author":"Dahlenburg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1359%2Fjbmr.060516","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/21\/8\/1175\/56479107\/5650210801.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/21\/8\/1175\/56479107\/5650210801.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T14:47:01Z","timestamp":1710341221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/21\/8\/1175-1186\/7593252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.060516","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]}}}