{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1792075122857,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Throughout evolution, exposure to sunlight and the photosynthesis of vitamin D3 in the skin has been critically important for the evolution of land vertebrates. During exposure to sunlight, the solar UVB photons with energies 290\u2013315 nm are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin and converted to previtamin D3. Previtamin D3 undergoes a rapid transformation within the plasma membrane to vitamin D3. Excessive exposure to sunlight will not result in vitamin D intoxication because both previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 are photolyzed to several noncalcemic photoproducts. During the winter at latitudes above \u223c35\u00b0, there is minimal, if any, previtamin D3 production in the skin. Altitude also has a significant effect on vitamin D3 production. At 27\u00b0 N in November, very little (\u223c0.5%) previtamin D3 synthesis was detected in Agra (169 m) and Katmandu (1400 m). There was an \u223c2- and 4-fold increase in previtamin D3 production at \u223c3400 m and at Everest base camp (5300 m), respectively. Increased skin pigmentation, application of a sunscreen, aging, and clothing have a dramatic effect on previtamin D3 production in the skin. It is estimated that exposure in a bathing suit to 1 minimal erythemal dose (MED) is equivalent to ingesting between 10,000 and 25,000 IU of vitamin D2. The importance of sunlight for providing most humans with their vitamin D requirement is well documented by the seasonal variation in circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Vitamin D deficiency [i.e., 25(OH)D &amp;lt; 20 ng\/ml] is common in both children and adults worldwide. Exposure to lamps that produce UVB radiation is an excellent source for producing vitamin D3 in the skin and is especially efficacious in patients with fat malabsorption syndromes. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency globally is an underappreciation of sunlight's role in providing humans with their vitamin D3 requirement. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and those that do have a very variable vitamin D content. Recently it was observed that wild caught salmon had between 75% and 90% more vitamin D3 compared with farmed salmon. The associations regarding increased risk of common deadly cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease with living at higher latitudes and being prone to vitamin D deficiency should alert all health care professionals about the importance of vitamin D for overall health and well being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.07s211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T10:02:25Z","timestamp":1203588145000},"page":"V28-V33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":425,"title":["Vitamin D and Skin Physiology: A D-Lightful Story"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michael F","family":"Holick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai C","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiren","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications","author":"Holick","year":"1989"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10338","article-title":"Vitamin D: A millennium perspective","volume":"88","author":"Holick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3124","article-title":"Evolutionary importance for the membrane enhancement of the production of vitamin D3 in the skin of poikilothermic animals","volume":"92","author":"Holick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14888","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)82416-4","article-title":"Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the conversation of previtamin D3 to vitamin D3 in human skin","volume":"268","author":"Tian","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1995.1082","article-title":"Vitamin D3 intoxication in naked mole-rats (heterocephalus glaber) leads to hypercalcemia and increased calcium deposition in teeth with evidence of abnormal skin calcification","volume":"99","author":"Buffenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"A Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.2.8033813","article-title":"Characterization of the translocation process of vitamin D3 from the skin into the circulation","volume":"135","author":"Tian","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.4.903","article-title":"Ineffective vitamin D synthesis in cats is reversed by an inhibitor of 7-dehydrocholesterol-delta 7-reductase","volume":"129","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12246.x","article-title":"The influence of painful sunburns and lifetime of sun exposure on the risk of actinic keratoses, seborrheic warts, melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi and skin cancer","volume":"120","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1126\/science.157.3788.501","article-title":"Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin D biosynthesis in man","volume":"157","author":"Loomis","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29449","article-title":"Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets","volume":"116","author":"Holick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F154","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.2.F154","article-title":"Francis Glisson (1597-1677) and the \u201cdiscovery\u201d of rickets 38","volume":"78","author":"Dunn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib12","author":"Huldschinsky","year":"1928"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1921.02630270037013","article-title":"The cure of infantile rickets by sunlight","volume":"77","author":"Hess","year":"1921","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib14","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Brennemann's Practice of Pediatrics, vol 1","author":"Eliot","year":"1938"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-6-906","article-title":"Vitamin D bioavailability: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in man after oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous vitamin D administration","volume":"48","author":"Whyte","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90214-8","article-title":"Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesis vitamin D3","volume":"i","author":"Clemens","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-6-1165","article-title":"Sunscreens suppress cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis","volume":"64","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373","article-title":"Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: Exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin","volume":"67","author":"Webb","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.362","article-title":"Vitamin D: Importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis","volume":"79","author":"Holick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2863(90)90067-U","article-title":"Methods for the determination of the circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.6.1075","article-title":"A one-year study to evaluate the roles of exposure to sunlight and diet on the circulating concentrations of 25-OH-D in an elderly population in Boston","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib22","first-page":"191","article-title":"The relation of solar radiation to cancer mortality in North America","volume":"1","author":"Apperly","year":"1941","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib23","first-page":"2861","article-title":"An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation","volume":"70","author":"Grant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.06.018","article-title":"Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer","volume":"97","author":"Gorham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.2.150","article-title":"Ultraviolet light may contribute to geographic and racial blood pressure differences","volume":"30","author":"Rostand","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","article-title":"Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Hypponen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00257-3","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: Insights from epidemiological research","volume":"181-182","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2024020319231146500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1717S","article-title":"Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system","volume":"80","author":"Cantorna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib29","author":"Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Food Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine","year":"1999"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-005-0009-8","article-title":"Addressing the musculoskeletal components of fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D: A review of the evidence","volume":"78","author":"Boonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.6.1478","article-title":"Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: A novel approach to enhance vitamin D nutritional health","volume":"77","author":"Tangpricha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1867-7","article-title":"Estimates of optimal vitamin D status","volume":"16","author":"Dawson-Hughes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.038","article-title":"Why the optimal requirement for vitamin D3 is probably much higher than what is officially recommended for adults","volume":"89-90","author":"Vieth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib34","author":"Holick","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.29686","article-title":"Treatment of vitamin D deficiency due to Crohn's disease with tanning bed ultraviolet B radiation","volume":"121","author":"Koutkia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.8.1238","article-title":"Ultraviolet irradiation corrects vitamin D deficiency and suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Chel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2001.170405.x","article-title":"Subliminal ultraviolet-B irradiation for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly: A feasibility study","volume":"17","author":"Chuck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem Photoimmun Photomed"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.12.017","article-title":"Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D","volume":"460","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2024020319231146500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1645","article-title":"Tanning is associated with optimal vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) and higher bone mineral density","volume":"80","author":"Tangpricha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1359%2Fjbmr.07s211","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/22\/S2\/V28\/56551366\/5650221307.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/22\/S2\/V28\/56551366\/5650221307.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T10:50:19Z","timestamp":1710327019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/22\/S2\/V28-V33\/7597227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.07s211","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]}}}