{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:13:10Z","timestamp":1791263590325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]],"date-time":"2010-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cortical bone contributes the majority of overall bone mass and bears the bulk of axial loads in the peripheral skeleton. Bone metabolic disorders often are manifested by cortical microstructural changes via osteonal remodeling and endocortical trabecularization. The goal of this study was to characterize intracortical porosity in a cross-sectional patient cohort using novel quantitative computational methods applied to high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) images of the distal radius and tibia. The distal radius and tibia of 151 subjects (57 male, 94 female; 47\u2009\u00b1\u200916 years of age, range 20 to 78 years) were imaged using HR-pQCT. Intracortical porosity (Ct.Po) was calculated as the pore volume normalized by the sum of the pore and cortical bone volume. Micro\u2013finite element analysis (\u00b5FE) was used to simulate 1% uniaxial compression for two scenarios per data set: (1) the original structure and (2) the structure with intracortical porosity artificially occluded. Differential biomechanical indices for stiffness (\u0394K), modulus (\u0394E), failure load (\u0394F), and cortical load fraction (\u0394Ct.LF) were calculated as the difference between original and occluded values. Regression analysis revealed that cortical porosity, as depicted by HR-pQCT, exhibited moderate but significant age-related dependence for both male and female cohorts (radius \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.7; tibia \u03c1\u2009=\u20090.5; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). In contrast, standard cortical metrics (Ct.Th, Ct.Ar, and Ct.vBMD) were more weakly correlated or not significantly correlated with age in this population. Furthermore, differential \u00b5FE analysis revealed that the biomechanical deficit (\u0394K) associated with cortical porosity was significantly higher for postmenopausal women than for premenopausal women (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Finally, porosity-related measures provided the only significant decade-wise discrimination in the radius for females in their fifties versus females in their sixties (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.01). Several important conclusions can be drawn from these results. Age-related differences in cortical porosity, as detected by HR-pQCT, are more pronounced than differences in standard cortical metrics. The biomechanical significance of these structural differences increases with age for men and women and provides discriminatory information for menopause-related bone quality effects. \u00a9 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.091104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,5]],"date-time":"2009-11-05T07:18:11Z","timestamp":1257405491000},"page":"983-993","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":250,"title":["Age- and gender-related differences in the geometric properties and biomechanical significance of intracortical porosity in the distal radius and tibia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Burghardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California\u2013San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galateia J","family":"Kazakia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California\u2013San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California\u2013Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California\u2013San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmila","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California\u2013Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California\u2013San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.6.1108","article-title":"Structural adaptation to changing skeletal load in the progression toward hip fragility: the study of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"16","author":"Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib2","first-page":"46","article-title":"The effect of alendronate therapy on osteoporotic fracture in the vertebral fracture arm of the Fracture Intervention Trial","volume":"101","author":"Black","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract Suppl."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.12.022","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density explain little of the reduction in vertebral or nonvertebral fracture risk with anti-resorptive therapy","volume":"34","author":"Delmas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.11.1947","article-title":"BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types: long-term results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures","volume":"18","author":"Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.7.1167","article-title":"Direct three-dimensional morphometric analysis of human cancellous bone: microstructural data from spine, femur, iliac crest, and calcaneus","volume":"14","author":"Hildebrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib6","first-page":"61","article-title":"Micro-tomographic imaging for the nondestructive evaluation of trabecular bone architecture","volume":"40","author":"Muller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00098-8","article-title":"The ability of three-dimensional structural indices to reflect mechanical aspects of trabecular bone","volume":"25","author":"Ulrich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.9.1622","article-title":"Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of bone architecture alterations in hindlimb-unloaded female rats using novel three-dimensional microcomputed tomography","volume":"18","author":"David","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03026331","article-title":"Noninvasive monitoring of changes in structural cancellous bone parameters with a novel prototype micro-CT","volume":"23","author":"Gasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-1998-65-606","article-title":"In vivo high resolution 3D-QCT of the human forearm","volume":"6","author":"Laib","year":"1998","journal-title":"Technol Health Care."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650111118","article-title":"In vivo reproducibility of three-dimensional structural properties of noninvasive bone biopsies using 3D-pQCT","volume":"11","author":"Muller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-007-9344-4","article-title":"A local adaptive threshold strategy for high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography of trabecular bone","volume":"35","author":"Burghardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.11.002","article-title":"Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality","author":"Macneil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.01.017","article-title":"Bone strength at the distal radius can be estimated from high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and the finite element method","author":"Macneil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6508","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1258","article-title":"In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"90","author":"Boutroy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.071116","article-title":"In vivo determination of bone structure in postmenopausal women: a comparison of HR-pQCT and high-field MR imaging","volume":"23","author":"Kazakia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050916","article-title":"Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment","volume":"21","author":"Khosla","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.029","article-title":"Load distribution and the predictive power of morphological indices in the distal radius and tibia by high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"41","author":"MacNeil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.071108","article-title":"Finite element analysis based on in vivo HR-pQCT images of the distal radius is associated with wrist fracture in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Boutroy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070514","article-title":"Contribution of in vivo structural measurements and load\/strength ratios to the determination of forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women","volume":"22","author":"Melton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00173-7","article-title":"The influence of bone morphology on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia","volume":"21","author":"Yeni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0907-0","article-title":"Automated simulation of areal bone mineral density assessment in the distal radius from high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","author":"Burghardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(98)00071-8","article-title":"Comparison of structure extraction methods for in vivo trabecular bone measurements","volume":"23","author":"Laib","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.07.007","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of cortical and trabecular compartments based on a dual threshold technique for in vivo micro-CT bone analysis","volume":"41","author":"Buie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(95)91884-J","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element modelling of non-invasively assessed trabecular bone structures","volume":"17","author":"Muller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)80008-5","article-title":"A new method to determine trabecular bone elastic properties and loading using micromechanical finite-element models","volume":"28","author":"van Rietbergen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(96)80021-2","article-title":"Direct mechanics assessment of elastic symmetries and properties of trabecular bone architecture","volume":"29","author":"Van Rietbergen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00736-6","article-title":"Estimation of distal radius failure load with micro-finite element analysis models based on three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography images","volume":"30","author":"Pistoia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0833-6","article-title":"Bone micro-architecture and determinants of strength in the radius and tibia: age-related changes in a population-based study of normal adults measured with high-resolution pQCT","author":"Dalzell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib30","article-title":"Bone Structure at the Distal Radius During Adolescent Growth","author":"Kirmani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090528","article-title":"Application of high resolution skeletal imaging to measurements of volumetric bone density and skeletal microarchitecture in Chinese American and Caucasian women: explanation of a paradox","author":"Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090529","article-title":"Differences in Macro- and Micro-Architecture of the Appendicular Skeleton in Young Chinese and Caucasian Women","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00376-8","article-title":"Alendronate increases bone strength by increasing the mean degree of mineralization of bone tissue in osteoporotic women","volume":"27","author":"Boivin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320145672900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0859-4","article-title":"Bone microdamage","volume":"20","author":"Chapurlat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1359%2Fjbmr.091104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/25\/5\/983\/56577175\/jbmr91104.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/25\/5\/983\/56577175\/jbmr91104.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T10:53:41Z","timestamp":1710327221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/25\/5\/983-993\/7600077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.091104","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.6737956.6902054","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]]}}}