{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T15:41:39Z","timestamp":1710344499948},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]],"date-time":"2000-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":965088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the calcaneus is useful in assessing bone mass and fracture risk at other skeletal sites. However, DXA yields an areal bone mineral density (BMD) that depends on both bone apparent density and bone size, potentially complicating interpretation of the DXA results. Information that is more complete may be obtained from DXA exams by using a volumetric density in addition to BMD in clinical applications. In this paper, we develop a simple methodology for determining a volumetric bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) of the calcaneus. For the whole calcaneus, BMAD = (BMC)\/ADXA3\/2, where BMC and ADXA are, respectively, the bone mineral content and projected area measured by DXA. We found that ADXA3\/2 was proportional to the calcaneus volume with a proportionality constant of 1.82 \u00b1 0.02 (mean \u00b1 SE). Consequently, consistent with theoretical predictions, BMAD was proportional to the true volumetric apparent density (\u03c1) of the bone according to the relationship \u03c1 = 1.82 BMAD. Also consistent with theoretical predictions, we found that BMD varied in proportion to \u03c1V1\/3, where V is the bone volume. We propose that the volumetric apparent density, estimated at the calcaneus, provides additional information that may aid in the diagnosis of osteopenia. Areal BMD or BMD2 may allow estimation of the load required to fracture a bone. Fracture risk depends on the loading applied to a bone in relation to the bone's failure load. When DXA is used to assess osteopenia and fracture risk in patients, it may be useful to recognize the separate and combined effects of applied loading, bone apparent density, and bone size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.8.1573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,27]],"date-time":"2006-04-27T03:20:21Z","timestamp":1146108021000},"page":"1573-1578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Interpretation of Calcaneus Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurements in the Assessment of Osteopenia and Fracture Risk"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tishya A. L.","family":"Wren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanical Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A."},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research & Development Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Yerby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanical Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A."},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research & Development Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary S.","family":"Beaupr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanical Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A."},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research & Development Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis R.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanical Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A."},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research & Development Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020714094264800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-66-781-55","article-title":"Measurement of the bone mineral density of the os calcis as an indication of vertebral fracture in women with lumbar osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Kotzki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J 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