{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:02:00Z","timestamp":1792681320257,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]],"date-time":"2001-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is substantial evidence that bones' ability to withstand functional loading without damage depends on the processes of bone modeling and remodeling, which are responsible for establishing and maintaining bone architecture, being influenced by a feedback mechanism related to the control of functional strains. It is probably useful to consider the diminished ability to maintain bone strength in postmenopausal osteoporosis as a failure of this mechanism. Acceptance of this approach would not only increase understanding of the etiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis but also significantly influence the ways in which it is investigated and treated. This would not mean that the many other factors affecting bone mass and bone cell activity will be ignored, but rather these factors will be put in perspective. Research to prevent or treat osteoporosis could be directed usefully to understanding how osteoblasts, lining cells, and osteocytes respond to mechanically derived information and how these responses are converted into stimuli controlling structurally appropriate modeling and remodeling. Evidence suggesting that early strain-related responses of bone cells in males and females involve the estrogen receptor (ER) could explain decreased effectiveness of this pathway when ER levels are low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.11.1937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,26]],"date-time":"2006-04-26T23:34:56Z","timestamp":1146094496000},"page":"1937-1947","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Perspective: Postmenopausal Osteoporosis as a Failure of Bone's Adaptation to Functional Loading: A Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lance","family":"Lanyon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Skerry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group","volume":"843","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01880417","article-title":"Interaction of genetic and environmental influences on peak bone density","volume":"1","author":"Kelly","year":"1990","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7041.1254","article-title":"Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"312","author":"Marshall","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196911000-00018","article-title":"Analysis of the pitching arm of the professional baseball pitcher","volume":"67","author":"King","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759020-00012","article-title":"Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise","volume":"59","author":"Jones","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310100025022","article-title":"Bone mass in lifetime tennis athletes","volume":"244","author":"Huddleston","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163050-00013","article-title":"The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: A study of Wolff's Law","volume":"63","author":"Woo","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198204000-00011","article-title":"Chronic hypertrophy of the ulna in the professional rodeo cowboy","volume":"164","author":"Claussen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2028","article-title":"Structural and mechanical adaptation of immature bone to strenuous exercise","volume":"60","author":"Matsuda","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650030204","article-title":"Interaction of calcium nutrition and physical activity on bone mass in young women","volume":"3","author":"Kanders","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650030309","article-title":"Forearm bone loss in hemiplegia: A model for the study of immobilization osteoporosis","volume":"3","author":"Prince","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556654","article-title":"The effects of muscle-building exercise on bone mineral density of the radius, spine, and hip in young men","volume":"45","author":"Colletti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.1.130","article-title":"Bone mechanical properties after exercise training in young and old rats","volume":"68","author":"Raab","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90289-5","article-title":"The site-specific effects of long-term unilateral activity on bone mineral density and content","volume":"15","author":"Kannus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090717","article-title":"Weight-bearing activity during youth is a more important factor for peak bone mass than calcium intake","volume":"9","author":"Welten","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100107","article-title":"Gymnasts exhibit higher bone mass than runners despite similar prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)80014-H","article-title":"Additional weight-bearing during exercise is more important than duration of exercise for anabolic stimulus of bone: A study of running exercise in female rats","volume":"16","author":"Van Der Wiel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110211","article-title":"Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site specific and load-dependent","volume":"11","author":"Kerr","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81558-5","article-title":"Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: A central control of bone mass","volume":"100","author":"Ducy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(82)90092-6","article-title":"The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling","volume":"15","author":"O'Connor","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90003-4","article-title":"Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling","volume":"17","author":"Lanyon","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466030-00012","article-title":"Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads","volume":"66","author":"Rubin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553711","article-title":"Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude","volume":"37","author":"Rubin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092190104","article-title":"Bone \u201cmass\u201d and the \u201cmechanostat\u201d: A proposal","volume":"219","author":"Frost","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90354-6","article-title":"Toward an identification of mechanical parameters initiating periosteal remodeling: A combined experimental and analytic approach","volume":"23","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(91)90003-2","article-title":"A noninvasive, in vivo model for studying strain adaptive bone modeling","volume":"12","author":"Turner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib27","first-page":"533","article-title":"Sensitivity of the bone remodeling response to the frequency of applied strain","volume":"17","author":"McLeod","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Ortho Res Soc"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90307-7","article-title":"The response of rat tibiae to incremental bouts of mechanical loading: A quantum concept for bone formation","volume":"15","author":"Forwood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090209","article-title":"Bone response to alternate-day mechanical loading of the rat tibia","volume":"9","author":"Raab-Cullen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301686","article-title":"Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure","volume":"54","author":"Torrance","year":"1994","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302070","article-title":"Mechanotransduction and the functional response of bone to mechanical strain","volume":"57","author":"Duncan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00085-I","article-title":"Bone strain gage data and theoretical models of functional adaptation","volume":"28","author":"Mikic","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00378-9","article-title":"Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: Objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone","volume":"18","author":"Lanyon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.6.982","article-title":"Strain gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation","volume":"12","author":"Gross","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(96)00385-7","article-title":"Strain magnitude related changes in whole bone architecture in growing rats","volume":"20","author":"Mosley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00113-6","article-title":"Strain rate as a controlling influence on adaptive modeling in response to dynamic loading of the ulna in growing male rats","volume":"23","author":"Mosley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib37","first-page":"S477","article-title":"Brief rest periods introduced between loading cycles enhance the osteogenic response","volume":"15","author":"Robling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.8.1596","article-title":"Partitioning a daily mechanical stimulus into discrete loading bouts improves the osteogenic response to loading","volume":"15","author":"Robling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.5.918","article-title":"Effects of loading frequency on mechanically induced bone formation","volume":"16","author":"Hsieh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553275","article-title":"Effects of immobilization on fetal bone development. A morphometric study in newborns with congenital neuromuscular diseases with intrauterine onset","volume":"43","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198870070-00014","article-title":"Changes in the long bones due to fetal immobility caused by neuromuscular disease. A radiographic and histological study","volume":"70","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(86)90003-7","article-title":"Reversibility of nontraumatic disuse osteoporosis during its active phase","volume":"7","author":"Jaworski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556365","article-title":"Ultrasonic measurement of immobilization-induced osteopenia: An experimental study in sheep","volume":"42","author":"Rubin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(89)90052-5","article-title":"Osteopenia in the immobilized rat hind limb is associated with increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation","volume":"10","author":"Weinreb","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092270103","article-title":"Adaptation of cancellous bone to aging and immobilization in the rat: A single photon absorptiometry and histomorphometry study","volume":"227","author":"Li","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00116-0","article-title":"Adaptive changes in trabecular architecture in relation to functional strain patterns and disuse","volume":"19","author":"Biewener","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740050090","article-title":"The response of bone to unloading","volume":"17","author":"Bikle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961040-00008","article-title":"Functional adaptation of bone to increased stress. An experimental study","volume":"61","author":"Goodship","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(89)90056-2","article-title":"The effects of altered strain environments on bone tissue kinetics","volume":"10","author":"Burr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556712","article-title":"Modulation of bone loss during calcium insufficiency by controlled dynamic loading","volume":"38","author":"Lanyon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024020714115369800_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02406139","article-title":"Biochemical pathways involved in the translation of physical stimulus into biological message","volume":"36","author":"Binderman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555153","article-title":"Increased 3H-uridine levels in osteocytes following a single short period of dynamic bone loading in vivo","volume":"43","author":"Pead","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556658","article-title":"Indomethacin modulation of load-related stimulation of new bone formation in vivo","volume":"45","author":"Pead","year":"1989","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650040519","article-title":"Early strain-related changes in enzyme activity in osteocytes following bone loading in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Skerry","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650050905","article-title":"Cellular responses to mechanical loading in vitro","volume":"5","author":"El Haj","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650061212","article-title":"Loading-related increases in prostaglandin production in cores of adult canine cancellous bone in vitro: A role for prostacyclin in adaptive bone remodeling?","volume":"6","author":"Rawlinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080302","article-title":"Early strain-related changes in cultured embryonic chick tibiotarsi parallel those associated with adaptive modeling in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Dallas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080303","article-title":"Early loading-related changes in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in osteocytes and periosteal osteoblasts in rat fibulae in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Dodds","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01351837","article-title":"Exogenous prostacyclin, but not prostaglandin E2, produces similar responses in both G6PD activity and RNA production as mechanical loading, and increases IGF-II release, in adult cancellous bone in culture","volume":"53","author":"Rawlinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib60","first-page":"E318","article-title":"Increased insulin-like growth factor I mRNA expression in rat osteocytes in response to mechanical stimulation","volume":"268","author":"Lean","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.15.8529841","article-title":"Mechanical strain-induced NO production by bone cells: A possible role in adaptive bone (re)modeling?","volume":"9","author":"Pitsillides","year":"1995","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib62","first-page":"E419","article-title":"Increased bone formation in rat tibiae after a single short period of dynamic loading in vivo","volume":"270","author":"Forwood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib63","first-page":"E955","article-title":"Nitric oxide is an early mediator of the increase in bone formation by mechanical stimulation","volume":"270","author":"Fox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib64","first-page":"E634","article-title":"Nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAME suppresses mechanically induced bone formation in rats","volume":"270","author":"Turner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.9.1424","article-title":"Enhancement by sex hormones of the osteoregulatory effects of mechanical loading and prostaglandins in explants of rat ulnae","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.2.276","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 increases the skeletal response to mechanical loading","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.5.769","article-title":"Early responses to dynamic strain change and prostaglandins in bone-derived cells in culture","volume":"12","author":"Zaman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.10.1742","article-title":"Mechanical strain stimulates ROS cell proliferation through IGF-II and estrogen through IGF-I","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.7.1123","article-title":"Mechanical strain stimulates nitric oxide production by rapid activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in osteocytes","volume":"14","author":"Zaman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00323-9","article-title":"Arachidonic acid for loading induced prostacyclin and prostaglandin E(2) release from osteoblasts and osteocytes is derived from the activities of different forms of phospholipase A(2)","volume":"27","author":"Rawlinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100503","article-title":"Inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of formation by mechanical loading of the modeling rat ulna in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Hillam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib72","first-page":"S375","article-title":"Mechanical strain inhibits OPGL expression through activation of ERK1\/2MAPK in bone marrow stromal cells","volume":"15","author":"Rubin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s004419900092","article-title":"Osteoblastic cells induce fusion and activation of osteoclasts through a mechanism independent of macrophage-colony-stimulating factor production","volume":"298","author":"Takami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00210-0","article-title":"Osteoblasts\/stromal cells stimulate osteoclast activation through expression of osteoclast differentiation factor\/RANKL but not macrophage colony-stimulating factor: Receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand","volume":"25","author":"Udagawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH645>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Regulation of the differentiation and function of osteoclasts","volume":"192","author":"Chambers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9017","article-title":"Insulin receptor substrate-1 in osteoblast is indispensable for maintaining bone turnover","volume":"105","author":"Ogata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.9.7634","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin produced by osteoblasts is an important regulator in osteoclast development and function","volume":"141","author":"Udagawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130405","article-title":"Proposal for the regulatory mechanism of Wolff's law","volume":"13","author":"Mullender","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150416","article-title":"Surface remodeling of trabecular bone using a tissue level model","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/35015116","article-title":"Effects of mechanical forces on maintenance and adaptation of form in trabecular bone","volume":"405","author":"Huiskes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555177","article-title":"Bone modeling during growth: Dynamic strain equilibrium in the chick tibiotarsus","volume":"39","author":"Biewener","year":"1986","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00171-9","article-title":"A comparison of bone mineral densities among female athletes in impact loading and active loading sports","volume":"17","author":"Fehling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00151-3","article-title":"Bone mineral density in female athletes representing sports with different loading characteristics of the skeleton","volume":"17","author":"Heinonen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100411","article-title":"Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes","volume":"10","author":"Taaffe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041430113","article-title":"Fluid shear stress as a mediator of osteoblast cyclic adenosine monophosphate production","volume":"143","author":"Reich","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00675628","article-title":"Protein kinase C mediates flow-induced prostaglandin E2 production in osteoblasts","volume":"52","author":"Reich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90010-8","article-title":"A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses","volume":"27","author":"Weinbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.suppl_7.2020S","article-title":"Function of osteocytes in bone\u2014their role in mechanotransduction","volume":"125","author":"Burger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib89","first-page":"256","author":"Hung","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1131","article-title":"Pulsating fluid flow increases prostaglandin production by cultured chicken osteocytes\u2014a cytoskeleton-dependent process","volume":"225","author":"Ajubi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)84536-2","article-title":"Intracellular Ca2+ stores and extracellular Ca2+ are required in the real-time Ca2+ response of bone cells experiencing fluid flow","volume":"29","author":"Hung","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900185","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase in osteoblasts is down-regulated by pulsatile fluid flow","volume":"60","author":"Hillsley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.4999","article-title":"Activation of G proteins mediates flow-induced prostaglandin E2 production in osteoblasts","volume":"138","author":"Reich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib94","first-page":"E751","article-title":"Induction of NO and prostaglandin E2 in osteoblasts by wall-shear stress but not mechanical strain","volume":"273","author":"Smalt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00114-6","article-title":"Differential effect of steady versus oscillating flow on bone cells","volume":"31","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib96","first-page":"E171","article-title":"Signal transduction pathways involved in fluid flow-induced PGE2 production by cultured osteocytes","volume":"276","author":"Ajubi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2024020714115369800_bib97","first-page":"S101","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in bone\u2014role of the lacuno-canalicular network","volume":"13","author":"Burger","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00172-4","article-title":"Mechanical stress induces COX-2 mRNA expression in bone cells from elderly women","volume":"33","author":"Joldersma","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650030610","article-title":"Direct transformation from quiescence to bone formation in the adult periosteum following a single brief period of bone loading","volume":"3","author":"Pead","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.11.1760","article-title":"Mechanical loading stimulates bone formation by reactivation of bone lining cells in 13-week-old rats","volume":"13","author":"Chow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650061113","article-title":"Role of physical activity in the development of skeletal mass in children","volume":"6","author":"Slemenda","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622201","article-title":"The two faces of growth: Benefits and risks to bone integrity","volume":"4","author":"Parfitt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-1-199507010-00003","article-title":"Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players","volume":"123","author":"Kannus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00331-8","article-title":"Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: A peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players","volume":"27","author":"Haapasalo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bone histomorphometry in the pathophysiological evaluation of primary and secondary osteoporosis and various treatment modalities","volume":"51","author":"Steiniche","year":"1995","journal-title":"APMIS Suppl"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301627","article-title":"Suppression of the osteogenic response in the aging skeleton","volume":"50","author":"Rubin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.9.1473","article-title":"On the estrogen-bone relationship and postmenopausal bone loss: A new model","volume":"14","author":"Frost","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.8.1275","article-title":"The estrogen receptor's involvement in osteoblasts' adaptive response to mechanical strain","volume":"13","author":"Damien","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.11.2169","article-title":"Mechanical strain stimulates osteoblast proliferation through the estrogen receptor in males as well as females","volume":"15","author":"Damien","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib110","first-page":"S475","article-title":"Trabecular architecture can remain intact for both disuse and overload enhanced resorption characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Tanck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(91)90124-I","article-title":"The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss","volume":"15","author":"Kalu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib112","first-page":"69","article-title":"The ovariectomized rat as an animal model for postmenopausal bone loss","volume":"1","author":"Wronski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cells Mater Suppl"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(92)90809-R","article-title":"On the rat model of human osteopenias and osteoporoses","volume":"18","author":"Frost","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277S","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00026-A","article-title":"The potential of sheep for the study of osteopenia: Current status and comparison with other animal models","volume":"16","author":"Newman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200007010-00004","article-title":"Nonprimate animal models of menopause: Workshop report","volume":"7","author":"Bellino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092360303","article-title":"Long-term osteopenic changes in cancellous bone structure in ovariectomized rats","volume":"236","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900344","article-title":"Effect of estrogen deficiency on cancellous and cortical bone structure and strength of the femoral neck in rats","volume":"61","author":"Bagi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296061","article-title":"Age-related differences in cross-sectional geometry of the forearm bones in healthy women","volume":"54","author":"Bouxsein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-191-42919","article-title":"Low bone mass may not be the only cause of skeletal fragility in osteoporosis","volume":"191","author":"Recker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024020714115369800_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673423","article-title":"Architecture and vertebral fracture","volume":"53","author":"Recker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib121","first-page":"2","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteoporosis","volume":"45","author":"Hawker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Suppl"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2024020714115369800_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(92)90196-4","article-title":"Implications of architecture for the pathogenesis and prevention of vertebral fracture","volume":"13","author":"Parfitt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116483","article-title":"Loss of cancellous bone mass and connectivity in ovariectomized rats can be restored by combined treatment with parathyroid hormone and estradiol","volume":"91","author":"Shen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110402","article-title":"Temporal expression of the anabolic action of PTH in cancellous bone of ovariectomized rats","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00251-2","article-title":"Effect of mechanical set point of bone cells on mechanical control of trabecular bone architecture","volume":"22","author":"Mullender","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.1.198","article-title":"Architectural modifications and cellular response during disuse-related bone loss in calcaneus of the sheep","volume":"80","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90242-3","article-title":"Musculoskeletal recovery following hindlimb immobilization in adult female rats","volume":"14","author":"Maeda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib128","first-page":"275","article-title":"Skeletal effects of estrogen","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.8.4199","article-title":"Estrogen regulates the rate of bone turnover but bone balance in ovariectomized rats is modulated by prevailing mechanical strain","volume":"94","author":"Westerlind","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00289-1","article-title":"Is high-dose estrogen-induced osteogenesis in the mouse mediated by an estrogen receptor?","volume":"27","author":"Samuels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(1999)75:32+<123::AID-JCB15>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of estrogen action on the skeleton","volume":"32-33","author":"Rickard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem Suppl"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090606","article-title":"Estrogen enhances the stimulation of bone collagen synthesis by loading and exogenous prostacyclin, but not prostaglandin E2, in organ cultures of rat ulnae","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110411","article-title":"Mechanical loading and sex hormone interactions in organ cultures of rat ulna","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5241.1491","article-title":"Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"270","author":"Kato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6746","article-title":"Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line","volume":"235","author":"Endoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib136","first-page":"S382","article-title":"Mechanical strain as well as estrogen activates estrogen receptor alpha in bone cells","volume":"15","author":"Jessop","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00324-0","article-title":"Mechanical strain activates estrogen response elements in bone cells","volume":"27","author":"Zaman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3388021","article-title":"Evidence of estrogen receptors in normal human osteoblast-like cells","volume":"241","author":"Eriksen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3164526","article-title":"Estrogen binding, receptor mRNA, and biologic response in osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells","volume":"241","author":"Komm","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199907)188:3<294::AID-PATH361>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Effect of ovarian steroid deficiency on oestrogen receptor alpha expression in bone","volume":"188","author":"Hoyland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.7.1189","article-title":"A PCR analysis of ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA abundance in rats and the effect of ovariectomy","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00246-5","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for impaired estrogen receptor-alpha protein expression in osteoblasts and osteocytes from men with idiopathic osteoporosis","volume":"26","author":"Braidman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib143","first-page":"3689","article-title":"Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens","volume":"80","author":"Morishima","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.5.763","article-title":"A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: Estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men","volume":"13","author":"Riggs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3330787","article-title":"Age-related changes in human oestrogen receptor alpha function and levels in osteoblasts","volume":"333","author":"Ankrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH684>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Preliminary report of impaired oestrogen receptor-alpha expression in bone, but no involvement of androgen receptor, in male idiopathic osteoporosis","volume":"192","author":"Braidman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib147","first-page":"159","article-title":"Estrogen receptor gene disruption: Molecular characterization and experimental and clinical phenotypes","volume":"51","author":"Korach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223001089","article-title":"Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre-and postmenopausal women","volume":"67","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.8.1429","article-title":"High bone mass in a female Hutterite population","volume":"15","author":"Wosje","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060609","article-title":"Estrogen therapy and variable-resistance weight training increase bone mineral in surgically menopausal women","volume":"6","author":"Notelovitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100906","article-title":"Additive effects of weight-bearing exercise and estrogen on bone mineral density in older women","volume":"10","author":"Kohrt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Bone Miner Research"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.33.6.378","article-title":"Is there a role for exercise in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures?","volume":"33","author":"Rutherford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024020714115369800_bib153","first-page":"S557","article-title":"Low-level mechanical signals augment bone mass and cancellous architecture as dependent on frequency and duration of the stimulus","volume":"15","author":"Rubin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1359%2Fjbmr.2001.16.11.1937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/16\/11\/1937\/56603622\/5650161101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/16\/11\/1937\/56603622\/5650161101.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T11:01:47Z","timestamp":1710327707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/16\/11\/1937-1947\/7515809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.11.1937","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]}}}