{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:29:46Z","timestamp":1790785786121,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Eighty osteoporotic, postmenopausal women, 50\u201370 years of age, with ongoing estrogen therapy (HRT), were randomized to recombinant human growth hormone (GH), 1.0 U or 2.5 U\/day, subcutaneous, versus placebo. This study was double-blinded and lasted for 18 months. The placebo group then stopped the injections, but both GH groups continued for a total of 3 years with GH and followed for 5 years. Calcium (750 mg) and vitamin D (400 U) were given to all patients. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured with DXA. At 18 months, when the double-blind phase was terminated, total body bone mineral content was highest in the GH 2.5 U group (p = 0.04 vs. placebo). At 3 years, when GH was discontinued, total body and femoral neck bone mineral content had increased in both GH-treated groups (NS between groups). At 4-year follow-up, total body and lumbar spine bone mineral content increased 5% and 14%, respectively, for GH 2.5 U (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0006 vs. placebo). Femoral neck bone mineral density increased 5% and bone mineral content 13% for GH 2.5 U (p = 0.01 vs. GH 1.0 U). At 5-year follow-up, no differences in bone mineral density or bone mineral content were seen between groups. Bone markers showed increased turnover. Three fractures occurred in the GH 1.0 U group. No subjects dropped out. Side effects were rare. In conclusion, bone mineral content increased to 14% with GH treatment on top of HRT and calcium\/vitamin D in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. There seems to be a delayed, extended, and dose-dependent effect of GH on bone. Thus, GH could be used as an anabolic agent in osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.3.393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,27]],"date-time":"2006-04-27T05:20:02Z","timestamp":1146115202000},"page":"393-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Growth Hormone Increases Bone Mineral Content in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Landin-Wilhelmsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingvar","family":"Bosaeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt-\u00c5ke","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024013019154938100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650101125","article-title":"Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: The MEDOS Study","volume":"10","author":"Johnell","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013019154938100_bib2","first-page":"275","article-title":"Skeletal effects of estrogen","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2024013019154938100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00776.x","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis is more related to hormonal aberrations than to lifestyle factors","volume":"51","author":"Landin-Wilhelmsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2024013019154938100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90571-W","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"341","author":"Lindsay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024013019154938100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012530","article-title":"Growth hormone: The effect on skeletal renewal in the adult dog. 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