{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T08:35:59Z","timestamp":1782549359768,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Guttmacher Institute","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]],"date-time":"2016-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD078412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD078412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 HD HD077051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 HD HD077051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perspect Sexual Reproductive"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>CONTEXT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the causes of early childbearing is important for reducing the persistently high rates of early births in the United States. Perceptions of possible benefits may contribute to these rates, while high opportunity costs may dissuade women from early childbearing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perceptions of costs and benefits of pregnancy, as well as later experiences of pregnancy, were assessed for 701 nulligravid women aged 18\u201322 who entered the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study in 2008\u20132009 and were interviewed weekly for up to 30 months. Bivariate t tests, chi\u2010square tests and multivariable discrete\u2010time event history analyses were used to assess associations of perceived personal consequences of childbearing (e.g., predicted financial costs), goals in potentially competing domains (opportunity costs) and social norms with subsequent pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty percent of women reported that early childbearing would have more positive than negative personal consequences. Compared with other women, those who had a pregnancy during follow\u2010up had, at baseline, more positive perceptions of the personal consequences of pregnancy and of their friends\u2019 approval of pregnancy, and greater desire for consumer goods. In multivariable analyses, only the scales assessing perceived personal consequences of childbearing and friends\u2019 approval of childbearing were associated with pregnancy (odds ratios, 2.0 and 1.2, respectively). Goals in potentially competing domains were not associated with pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young women's perceptions of consequences of early childbearing predict subsequent pregnancy. That these perceptions are distinct from childbearing desires and from other dimensions of costs and benefits illustrates the complex attitudinal underpinnings of reproductive behavior.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1363\/48e9116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]],"date-time":"2016-05-13T16:29:51Z","timestamp":1463156991000},"page":"83-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Perceived Costs and Benefits of Early Childbearing: New Dimensions and Predictive Power"],"prefix":"10.1363","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Hayford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate professor, Department of Sociology Ohio State University  Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Benjamin","family":"Guzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate professor, Department of Sociology Bowling Green State University  Bowling Green OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasamin","family":"Kusunoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant professor, Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership University of Michigan  Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant professor Department of Sociology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"259","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-013-0238-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2004.0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"The Consequences of Unintended Childbearing","author":"Logan C","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134549"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2010.00719.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","article-title":"Intended and unintended births in the United States: 1982\u20132010","author":"Mosher WD","year":"2012","journal-title":"National Health Statistics Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-015-0391-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2006.00244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"HartnettC Who feels ready to parent and why? 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