{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:21:25Z","timestamp":1778682085605,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical path switching networks will become increasingly important for providing high-speed, low-latency end-to-end communication for emerging services in the 6G era. Current networks are designed for semi-static operation, providing limited flexibility and dynamic control. When high-speed path provisioning or release is performed, gain transients affect the quality of transmission (QoT) across multiple spans, causing QoT fluctuations. So far, amplifiers that can handle burst signals have been developed to solve this problem, and we have developed the burst-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier (BM-EDFA). In order to use the BM-EDFA in the core network, it must support gain flatness over the full C-band and large gain for a wide-area optical transmission. In this study, we developed a cascaded three-stage BM-EDFA and experimentally demonstrate, using a 1200\u00a0km long-distance optical transmission testbed, that the developed BM-EDFA effectively suppresses gain transients and QoT fluctuations in wide-area and full C-band optical path switching networks. The three-stage configuration of the BM-EDFA supports a large optical gain of up to 27\u00a0dB of relatively flat gain across the C-band and wide-area optical networks. We experimentally evaluated the three-stage BM-EDFAs using a long-distance optical transmission testbed consisting of 12 cascaded three-stage BM-EDFAs over 1200\u00a0km of optical fiber, carrying 64\u00a0Gbaud quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals across the full C-band. To emulate dynamic network operation, add\/drop operations were performed at an intermediate node, and the resulting QoT fluctuations were evaluated over a 1000\u00a0km transmission including 10 cascaded BM-EDFAs after the add\/drop point. Consequently, while the three-stage BM-EDFA exhibits a steady-state optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) penalty of 2.7\u00a0dB, the representative per-channel gain fluctuations at the network edge during add\/drop operations are dramatically reduced\u2014from 5.95 to 0.18\u00a0dB and from 4.12 to 0.05\u00a0dB, respectively\u2014compared with conventional EDFAs. These results demonstrate that the three-stage BM-EDFA enables stable and reliable dynamic optical path switching by effectively suppressing network-scale QoT fluctuations in wide-area, full C-band optical networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.582346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1772542819000},"page":"365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suppression of QoT fluctuations in wide-area flexible optical path networks using cascaded burst-mode EDFAs with full C-band flatness"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5714-3051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuta","family":"Goto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03tgsfw79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Hirota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amonics Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. 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All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}