{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:32:45Z","timestamp":1781533965524,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Community\u2019s Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking","award":["101139134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101139134"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe MSCA 2022","award":["101120332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101120332"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigate energy-efficient, traffic-adaptive resource provisioning for 6G x-haul networks by integrating a reconfigurable low-loss switching sub-system (referred to as an interlacer) into the TEFNET24 reference network topology from Telef\u00f3nica. The interlacer combined with the digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) transceivers forms a WDM-PON approach, enabling subcarrier-level switching at the network access, providing lower distribution loss than conventional power splitter (PS)-based TDMA-PON approaches. Moreover, under the practically low crosstalk levels reported for our interlacer implementations, the reduced distribution loss can be traded for increased modulation cardinality (e.g., 16QAM to 64QAM), allowing for reducing the number of allocated transceivers. We further examine a machine learning (ML)-driven framework for dynamic capacity provisioning and validate it using a real-world operator trace mapped onto the national-scale TEFNET24 topology, capturing 4G\/5G load patterns with projections toward 6G. We compare static, semi-static, and fully dynamic strategies and show that ML-aided dynamic provisioning reduces transceiver overallocation by up to 63.7% relative to static methods, with the strongest gains during off-peak hours when traffic variability is highest. Finally, we quantify two complementary energy-saving mechanisms enabled by dynamic operation\u2014subcarrier deactivation and transceiver sleep mode\u2014with the latter yielding up to 21% total network energy savings while maintaining quality of service under time-varying demand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.588402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:00:08Z","timestamp":1777032008000},"page":"629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy-efficient ML-based resource allocation in 6G x-haul networks utilizing a photonic interleaver-based subcarrier switching node"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Christos","family":"Christofidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017wvtq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-5230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Uzunidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017wvtq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Otero-Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOKIA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Rivas-Moscoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telef\u00f3nica CTIO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"De Francesca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telef\u00f3nica CTIO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9285-9768","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josep M.","family":"Fabrega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4983-0243","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Larrabeiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC3M"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-4938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pablo","family":"Torres-Ferrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOKIA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-9910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paolo","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9264-9274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOKIA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8740-5419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dan M.","family":"Marom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebrew Institute of Jerusalem"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-3405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tomkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017wvtq80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"jocn-18-6-629-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2400419","type":"journal-article","volume":"63","author":"Larra\u00f1aga","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}