{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:21:58Z","timestamp":1778682118829,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024YFB2908305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB2908305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of the Beijing High Innovation Plan","award":["20250675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250675"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Opt. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel, to our knowledge, PFC-assisted hitless OTN for separation of compute and data is proposed and demonstrated. Based on the new scheme, simulations are conducted and analyzed comprehensively. Simulations indicate that symmetric or asymmetric computing power distribution minimally affects efficiency. With consistent GPUs, larger models experience less impact from remote extension. When training with an appropriate number of GPUs compatible with the model, the degradation rate of training efficiency for models of different sizes remains comparable as the distance increases. Then, the effectiveness of the PFC-assisted hitless OTN is experimentally verified. By hitless protection, pipeline parallelism training efficiency is free from the switchover between primary and backup paths. With the PFC function on, the training efficiency could be improved from 52% to 99.51% over 120\u00a0km transmission, compared to the off case. Furthermore, different model sizes, transmission distances, and network convergence ratios are experimentally investigated by the field trial. When extending to 240\u00a0km, training efficiency is still up to 99.29%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.589613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:00:10Z","timestamp":1774879210000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field trial of 240\u2009\u2009km decentralized training with separation of compute and data based on PFC-assisted hitless 800G OTN"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4213-7951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dechao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-9291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-5429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingqing","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3699-1552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"jocn-18-5-492-R2","first-page":"1","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Chowdhery","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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