{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:04:44Z","timestamp":1791925484318,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Single-photon detectors that operate in the Geiger-mode provide a large potential for low-light detection. However, the detection rate is affected and limited by the inherent dead-time of the detector. This work compares simulation with experimental results to demonstrate the dependence of the effective efficiency of the single-photon avalanche-diode detector on the length of the dead-time. Analytical expressions are derived to understand the dependence, which is different for a free-running detector and one operating in a gated mode of detection. The results, from simulation and experiment, demonstrate the sensitivity to the detector dead-time, and the difference between both operational modes. In general, the gated mode is superior, and at particular conditions, the efficiency can actually improve with extended dead-times. However, for long dead-times at significant background conditions, the free-running mode can compete with the gated mode in terms of efficiency, while also being independent of the timing of the signal within the measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.555988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T11:00:03Z","timestamp":1739962803000},"page":"2163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dead-time effect on SPAD detection efficiency"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Yishai","family":"Albeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soreq Nuclear Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1630-0628","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eran","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soreq Nuclear Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talya","family":"Arusi-Parpar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soreq Nuclear Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11919","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.011919","volume":"25","author":"Pawlikowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.408657","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.4.000441","volume":"4","author":"Berkovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photon."},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5464","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245464","volume":"19","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.25.004122","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00426721","volume":"1","author":"Nightingale","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp. Astron."},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.001956","volume":"35","author":"Cova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1140324","volume":"60","author":"Cova","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2483565","volume":"16","author":"Bronzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R10","volume-title":"Photodetectors: Devices, Circuits and Applications","author":"Donati","year":"2021"},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2017.8050357","article-title":"Dead time effects in the indirect time-of-flight measurement with SPADs","volume-title":"IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)","author":"Beer","year":"2017"},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6680","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.006680","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185203","volume":"20","author":"Tontini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ao-64-9-2163-R14","first-page":"6760","article-title":"High flux passive imaging with single-photon sensors","volume-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Ingle","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-64-9-2163&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T15:13:28Z","timestamp":1741274008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-64-9-2163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.555988","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.555988","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"15 January 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"14 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"6 March 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}