{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:15:15Z","timestamp":1785428115307,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#AM"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Honda Racing Corporation\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NDSEG 32 CFR 168a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDSEG 32 CFR 168a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016959","name":"Office of the Vice Provost for Graduate\n\t\t\t\t\t\tEducation, Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    High-speed sensors are necessary to provide crank-angle-resolved data\n\t\t\t\t\tfor the validation of computational models of high-performance\n\t\t\t\t\tinternal combustion engines. To this end, a near-infrared\n\t\t\t\t\tlaser-absorption sensor was developed for measurements of temperature\n\t\t\t\t\tand water (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) mole fraction near the exhaust\n\t\t\t\t\tvalves of such an engine. A spectroscopic database was assembled for\n\t\t\t\t\tthe target transitions, and the database was expanded to include\n\t\t\t\t\tbroadening and narrowing by carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Sensor accuracy was validated in\n\t\t\t\t\tbenchtop experiments at representative conditions. The sensor was\n\t\t\t\t\tdeployed on a single-cylinder development engine during dynamometer\n\t\t\t\t\ttesting. Engine exhaust dynamics were captured at a rate of\n\t\t\t\t\t31\u00a0kHz, sufficient for crank-angle-resolved measurements up to\n\t\t\t\t\t5200 RPM, with 2\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c3<\/jats:italic>\n                    uncertainties of 5.1% and 5.8% in\n\t\t\t\t\ttemperature and H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O mole fraction, respectively. Together\n\t\t\t\t\twith simultaneously deployed carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and\n\t\t\t\t\tunburnt hydrocarbon sensors and a high-speed pressure transducer, the\n\t\t\t\t\tsensor developed in this work forms a comprehensive suite for\n\t\t\t\t\tcharacterizing the exhaust conditions of an internal combustion\n\t\t\t\t\tengine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.564692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T12:00:10Z","timestamp":1748520010000},"page":"5499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Laser-absorption sensor suite for crank-angle-resolved,\n                    <i>in situ<\/i>\n                    measurements in the exhaust of a high-performance internal combustion engine\u2014I: temperature and H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5343-7084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sean","family":"Clees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4449-7923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Vandervort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4112-6668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald K.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Ghonim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honda Racing Corporation US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honda Racing Corporation US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honda Racing Corporation US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Ferlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honda Racing Corporation US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-64-19-5499-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1468087419877990","volume":"21","author":"Reitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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All rights, including\n\t\t\t\t\tfor text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training,\n\t\t\t\t\tand similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}