{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:18:41Z","timestamp":1785406721146,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology","award":["2021ZD0300100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0300100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2019SHZDZX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SHZDZX01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ-SHFY-2021-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ-SHFY-2021-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The medium-high orbit quantum science experimental satellite is designed to conduct quantum communication experiments over distances of 10,000\u00a0km both during daylight and at night to establish a global quantum communication network and enable multiple quantum experiments. To ensure efficient links over such vast distances, a beam divergence of 3\u00a0\u00b5rad at 850\u00a0nm is required\u2014posing significant challenges in designing lightweight, large-aperture telescope systems and detecting ultra-narrow divergence angles. Here, through analysis using a far-field diffraction model, we determined that the optimal aperture should be 660\u00a0mm and that the RMS wavefront aberration must be controlled to 1\/9\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 632.8\u00a0nm. We employ multi-stage beam expansion to achieve waist diameter matching, select silicon carbide as the primary mirror material, and optimize the system\u2019s structure and installation methods to reduce weight while maintaining surface accuracy. Ultimately, the system achieves a surface accuracy of 1\/10\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    at 632.8\u00a0nm, with the divergence angle measured at 2.9\u00a0\u00b5rad at 850\u00a0nm and 4.75\u00a0\u00b5rad at 1550\u00a0nm\u2014approaching the diffraction limit for this aperture size. Additionally, a 10\u00a0m coaxial Cassegrain system, combined with gravity unloading and beacon spot tracking techniques, mitigates the impacts of gravity, airflow, and temperature on detection. These achievements lay a solid foundation for efficient quantum communication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.565080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T10:59:47Z","timestamp":1750762787000},"page":"6026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Realization of extremely narrow divergence angle and ground test method toward quantum key distribution based on a medium-high orbit\u00a0satellite"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jincai","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rc6as71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai Quantum Science Research Center"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Quantum Science Research Center"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai Quantum Science Research Center"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Shanghai Quantum Science Research Center"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4509-3373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rc6as71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R1","article-title":"Quantum cryptography: Public\n\t\t\t\t\tkey distribution and coin tossing","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computers,\n\t\t\t\t\tSystems and Signal Processing","author":"Bennet","year":"1984"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.145","volume":"74","author":"Gisin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122702","DOI":"10.3788\/COL202119.122702","volume":"19","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03093-8","volume":"589","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035001","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.94.035001","volume":"94","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08739-z","volume":"640","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.030501","volume":"120","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.116","volume":"11","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.12.000375","volume":"12","author":"Yura","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23655","volume":"549","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560934","DOI":"10.1117\/12.560934","volume":"5550","author":"Romba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63040B","DOI":"10.1117\/12.693012","volume":"6304","author":"Toyoshima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89710X","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2044087","volume":"8971","author":"Biswas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.416811","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.19.000567","volume":"19","author":"Toyoshima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0605004","DOI":"10.3788\/CJL201845.0605004","volume":"45","author":"Kuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.112317","volume":"183","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471221147","volume-title":"Fiber-Optic Communication Systems","author":"Agrawal","year":"2002"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R19","volume-title":"Optics in Engineering","author":"Yu","year":"2015"},{"key":"ao-64-21-6026-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123001","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/ac9e08","volume":"24","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Opt."}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-64-21-6026&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T19:03:24Z","timestamp":1752260604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-64-21-6026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.565080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.565080","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"13 April 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}