{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:40:58Z","timestamp":1790372458786,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this study, a highly sensitive surface plasmon polariton (SPP)-based sensor with a metal\u2013insulator\u2013metal (MIM) configuration is proposed and numerically investigated for multifunctional detection, including refractive index sensing, breast cancerous cell discrimination, and temperature sensing. The sensor consists of an air-filled MIM waveguide integrated with a triangular cavity, further optimized by embedding an internal elliptical silver island to enhance light\u2013matter interaction. Finite element method simulations reveal that the elliptical cavity design significantly improves transmission characteristics, extinction ratio, and RI sensitivity (RIS) due to the increased effective optical path length. The optimized structure achieves a RIS of 1207.14\u00b14.12nm\/RIU and a detection resolution as low as 8.28\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                    RIU. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrates the capability to distinguish between normal and malignant breast cells, making it an advantageous platform for biomedical diagnostics. Additionally, the sensor exhibits a significant temperature sensitivity of 0.945\u00b10.003nm\/K. The proposed design also shows strong potential for nanofabrication via techniques such as electron beam lithography, enabling its integration into compact optoelectronic and biosensing devices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.578271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:00:06Z","timestamp":1764781206000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Advanced breast cancer detection: leveraging MIM structure containing triangular cavity and elliptical island for refractive index and temperature sensing"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghanavati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jw2p796","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mardin","family":"Rostampour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jw2p796","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Azim","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jw2p796","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peyman","family":"Yaghoubizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Energy Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"080901","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0020752","type":"journal-article","volume":"128","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105523","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/ad74af","type":"journal-article","volume":"99","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R3","first-page":"163","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Rafiee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102551","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Kazanskiy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10121419","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R6","first-page":"65","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Emami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Iran. Assoc. Electr. Electron."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-021-03088-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"53","author":"Harhouz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-025-08259-0","type":"journal-article","volume":"57","author":"Khodaie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.130072","type":"journal-article","volume":"552","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.126563","type":"journal-article","volume":"482","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2025.131979","type":"journal-article","volume":"588","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.3390\/s21216993","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"Stocker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3142655","type":"journal-article","volume":"22","author":"Rakhshani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2023.106478","type":"journal-article","volume":"49","author":"Rahad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7158","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227158","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Butt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202200099","DOI":"10.1002\/appl.202200099","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Butt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Res."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-022-01655-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","author":"Rohimah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102700","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-021-01425-6","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Yasli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9110326","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Usman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34439","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Shafagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.photonics.2018.11.006","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","author":"Rafiee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photonics Nanostructures-Fundam. Appl."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9114","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2987696","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091227","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Vl\u010dek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R26","volume-title":"Guided Wave Optics and Photonic Devices","author":"Bhadra","year":"2013"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-025-02995-5","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Korani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025506","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/ad1862","type":"journal-article","volume":"99","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15080987","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54244-0","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Butt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2024.131012","type":"journal-article","volume":"573","author":"Joy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6176","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2025.3525968","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Rahad","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2025.130705","type":"journal-article","volume":"553","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2008.921830","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Shibayama","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025014","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/acb246","type":"journal-article","volume":"98","author":"Keshizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38690","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.538089","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-019-1924-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"51","author":"Negahdari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-023-01821-0","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Negahdari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20829","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.428355","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-023-04756-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"55","author":"Ebadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93167-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Khani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-025-08212-1","type":"journal-article","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015020","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4974075","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4800612","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2015.2419635","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/s2001020310.3390\/s20010203","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Voronin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596-022-00915-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"52","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8678","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.507402","type":"journal-article","volume":"62","author":"Kazanskiy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41193-3","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Danaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2021.127534","type":"journal-article","volume":"505","author":"Khani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-024-02303-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","author":"Butt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/adba66","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Kaium","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2025.116307","type":"journal-article","volume":"173","author":"Chauhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. E: Low-dimens. Syst. Nanostruct."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15090686","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16020183","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06077-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2021.168466","type":"journal-article","volume":"251","author":"Butt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2624513","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.484256","type":"journal-article","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ao-65-2-473-R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2024.130749","type":"journal-article","volume":"569","author":"Rahad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-2-473&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:11:10Z","timestamp":1778681470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-65-2-473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.578271","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.578271","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"10 September 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}