{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:47:58Z","timestamp":1793458078421,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,14]],"date-time":"2027-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1799884800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#AM"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22RVCOR005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22RVCOR005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Space situational awareness (SSA) is important for understanding the space environment to ensure safe operation of space missions. SSA activities include detecting, identifying, tracking, and characterizing artificial satellites and orbital debris. SSA objectives rely on the information that can be gained from ground-based and space-based sensors, such as optical telescopes and radar. For space objects at geosynchronous altitudes, obtaining resolved imagery from Earth is not feasible with practical instruments.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shadow imaging<\/jats:italic>\n                    , however, offers the possibility of obtaining a high-resolution silhouette of the object from the shadow cast when it passes between the observer and a stellar source. Prior analyses have concluded that such a method is feasible. Herein, we discuss the usage of information-theoretic methods to understand the limitations of stellar shadow imaging. Scene-based information applied to the irradiance pattern treated as an image is investigated, as well as task-based information that links knife-edge localization, a surrogate for system resolution, to Shannon information.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.581006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T13:00:06Z","timestamp":1766149206000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Information content analysis of shadow imaging of GEO satellites"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"David G.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobby R.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8776-508X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter N.","family":"McMahon-Crabtree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-3-842-R1","first-page":"33","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"1952","journal-title":"MNASSA Mon. 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SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-3-842-R16","article-title":"Recent developments in shadow imaging prediction","volume-title":"Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance (AMOS) Technologies Conference","author":"Sheppard","year":"2018"},{"key":"ao-65-3-842-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314904","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3028014","type":"journal-article","volume":"13149","author":"Ruyle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-3-842-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E101","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.555865","type":"journal-article","volume":"64","author":"Ruyle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-3-842-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2352\/EI.2023.35.8.IQSP-454","type":"journal-article","volume":"35","author":"Koren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron. 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Theory."}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-3-842&am=y","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-3-842&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:11:51Z","timestamp":1778681511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-65-3-842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.581006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.581006","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}