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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study presents a novel, to the best of our knowledge,\n\t\t\t\t\tultra-wideband nanobiosensor based on a double-negative (DNG)\n\t\t\t\t\tmetamaterial perfect absorber for early cancer detection through\n\t\t\t\t\texosomal biomarker analysis. Our biosensor operates across a broad\n\t\t\t\t\tfrequency range from 70\u00a0THz to 3\u00a0PHz, exhibiting\n\t\t\t\t\tnear-unity absorption, i.e.,\u00a0exceeding 99%, and angular and\n\t\t\t\t\tpolarization insensitivity, i.e.,\u00a0providing\n\t\t\t\t\tpolarization-independent absorption across the full spectrum of\n\t\t\t\t\tpolarization angles (0\u00b0 to 90\u00b0), ensuring stable performance under\n\t\t\t\t\tboth transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized\n\t\t\t\t\twaves. Of particular interest is its performance in the near-infrared\n\t\t\t\t\t(NIR) region (70\u2013400\u00a0THz), where the sensor\u2019s DNG\n\t\t\t\t\tcharacteristics manifest through simultaneously negative permittivity\n\t\t\t\t\tand permeability, enhancing field confinement and sensitivity. This\n\t\t\t\t\tspectral window is especially conducive to label-free, non-invasive\n\t\t\t\t\tdetection of circulating exosomes, critical indicators of early stage\n\t\t\t\t\toncogenesis. The sensor is constructed using a tri-layer\n\t\t\t\t\tmetal\u2013insulator\u2013metal (MIM) architecture comprising nickel (Ni) layers\n\t\t\t\t\tand a silicon dioxide (SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) dielectric spacer. The design\n\t\t\t\t\tleverages the plasmonic and thermal stability properties of Ni and the\n\t\t\t\t\tlow optical attenuation of SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to achieve optimal absorption and\n\t\t\t\t\tstructural robustness. Electromagnetic simulations demonstrate strong\n\t\t\t\t\telectric and magnetic resonances, producing significant near-field\n\t\t\t\t\tenhancements. These improve the detection of subtle dielectric changes\n\t\t\t\t\tassociated with exosomal binding events. The sensor maintains high\n\t\t\t\t\tabsorption efficiency across oblique incidence angles and various\n\t\t\t\t\tpolarization states, making it suitable for real-world biomedical\n\t\t\t\t\tdiagnostic applications. By focusing on the NIR regime where tissue\n\t\t\t\t\ttransparency and molecular vibrational modes intersect, the proposed\n\t\t\t\t\tbiosensor enables the discrimination between cancer-derived exosomes\n\t\t\t\t\tand their normal counterparts, as confirmed through spectral and field\n\t\t\t\t\tdistribution analyses. The\u00a0demonstrated performance highlights\n\t\t\t\t\tthe sensor\u2019s promise for next-generation photonic\n\t\t\t\t\tplatforms targeting early cancer diagnostics,\n\t\t\t\t\twith potential extension to environmental monitoring and energy\n\t\t\t\t\tharvesting technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.581804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:00:08Z","timestamp":1762527608000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["High-sensitivity nanometamaterial near-infrared biosensor for label-free early cancer detection via\u00a0exosomal biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4610-6826","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Musa N.","family":"Hamza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Raparin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8263-1572","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alibakhshikenari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03bea9k73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dogus University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4929-3209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)"},{"name":"Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Lavadiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marwadi University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iftikhar","family":"ud Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Engineering and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-5800","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Polit\u00e9cnica da Universidade de S\u00e3o"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slawomir","family":"Koziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reykjavik University"},{"name":"Gdansk University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Iffat","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Engineering & Technology Taxila"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Messaoud Ahmed","family":"Ouameur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5736-7925","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abinash","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMR Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4842-0181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Farmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lorestan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bal","family":"Virdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCDM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9611-3023","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zinelabiddine","family":"Mezache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ferhat Abbas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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