{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:42:30Z","timestamp":1788270150959,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21H01849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H01849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Scattering media such as fog or frosted glass diffusely spread transmitted light, making it difficult to observe objects located behind them. Deep-learning-based scattering imaging addresses this challenge by training neural networks on pairs of images before and after scattering, allowing reconstruction of the original object from a speckle image. Once trained, these models can reconstruct objects from unseen speckled images. However, when employing continual learning, deep learning models suffer from catastrophic forgetting, where learning a new task causes a degradation in performance on previously learned tasks. In this study, we investigate methods to suppress catastrophic forgetting in deep-learning-based scattering imaging. We define Task 1 as the classification of Japanese cursive characters from the KMNIST dataset, and Task 2 as the classification of handwritten digits from the MNIST dataset. After sequential training\u2014first on KMNIST and then on MNIST\u2014the Task 1 accuracy dropped from 85.2% to 65.2%, indicating catastrophic forgetting. To address this, we apply two strategies: the rehearsal method, which reuses past data, and the elastic weight consolidation (EWC) method, which preserves critical parameters without using prior data. The rehearsal method maintained Task 1 accuracy at 85.7%, effectively mitigating forgetting. The EWC method achieved Task 1 accuracy between 80.4% and 86.07%, demonstrating its effectiveness without relying on past data. These findings confirm that both rehearsal and EWC methods are effective in overcoming catastrophic forgetting in deep-learning-based scattering imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.581845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:00:10Z","timestamp":1764079210000},"page":"G1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Suppressing catastrophic forgetting in deep-learning-based imaging through scattering\u00a0media"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Daiki","family":"Shingu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0197nmd03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0197nmd03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6071-6906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wataru","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0197nmd03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.002309","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Vellekoop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.100601","type":"journal-article","volume":"104","author":"Popoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12648","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.012648","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33558","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33558","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Edrei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.189","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Katz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13738","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.013738","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Horisaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000803","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.383911","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.1.3.036002","type":"journal-article","volume":"1","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2020.126341","type":"journal-article","volume":"477","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0074-1","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Rahmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40024","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.441326","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.486600","type":"journal-article","volume":"62","author":"Tsukada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33120","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.033120","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16032","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.016032","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B210","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.416551","type":"journal-article","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.001181","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35702","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.440405","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44123","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.539573","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"072003","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ac7622","type":"journal-article","volume":"61","author":"Tsukada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.412890","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45978","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.544809","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R23","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Transfer Learning in general lensless imaging through scattering media","volume-title":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA)","author":"Yang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2025.131809","type":"journal-article","volume":"585","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01294-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"3","author":"French","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099550039318","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","author":"Robins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Connect. Sci."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114","type":"journal-article","volume":"114","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Rusu","year":"2016","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1606.04671","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Hinton","year":"2015","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1503.02531","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9276","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.515772","type":"journal-article","volume":"32","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R31","first-page":"1038","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01171-w","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357302","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3069325","type":"journal-article","volume":"13573","author":"Watanabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Claunwat","year":"2018","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1812.01718","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.27.5.056001","type":"journal-article","volume":"27","author":"Tsukada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-15-G1-R37","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","volume-title":"Proceedings International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-15-G1&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:29:45Z","timestamp":1778682585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-65-15-G1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.581845","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.581845","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}