{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T15:08:12Z","timestamp":1778684892289,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB3907405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3907405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42201375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    China\u2019s next-generation atmospheric carbon monitoring satellite, TanSat-2, will utilize nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) as a tracer to identify anthropogenic CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions. TanSat-2 will employ an innovative medium Earth orbit frozen, Sun-synchronous elliptical orbit with a wide-swath instrument to enhance monitoring capabilities over the Northern Hemisphere. An end-to-end simulation framework was established based on the UNL-VRTM radiative transfer model and the differential optical absorption spectroscopy algorithm. The impacts of various instrumental and observational parameters on NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    vertical column density retrieval were systematically assessed. Results indicate that high solar zenith angles encountered during winter significantly challenge retrieval accuracy. In addition, the variable integration time required to maintain a constant spatial resolution across the elliptical orbit results in a dynamic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment. Our analysis demonstrates that a spectral resolution better than 0.6\u00a0nm and an SNR exceeding 800 are necessary to resolve the fine absorption features of NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    effectively. The impact of instrumental artifacts inherent to the wide-swath design was also quantified, revealing that uncorrected \u201csmile\u201d and \u201ckeystone\u201d effects can introduce retrieval biases exceeding 1\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    molecules\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Finally, simulations of pollution plumes underscore the importance of high spatial resolution for characterizing emission structures and dispersion patterns. This study confirms the feasibility of the TanSat-2 mission concept and provides a quantitative basis for finalizing its payload specifications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.582658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:00:09Z","timestamp":1764856809000},"page":"423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["End-to-end performance modeling for the TanSat-2 NO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    instrument: an evaluation of key design parameters for an elliptical orbit mission"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5524-1205","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantong University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangfu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R1","article-title":"IPCC, 2023","volume-title":"Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"CalvinLee","year":"2023"},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70139","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13954","type":"journal-article","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L08806","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032887","type":"journal-article","volume":"35","author":"Gregg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9415","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-9415-2013","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Berezin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092685","type":"journal-article","volume":"48","author":"Fujinawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd4998","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd4998","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5959","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-5959-2025","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/acb837","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.027","type":"journal-article","volume":"120","author":"Veefkind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-1315-2020","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Van Geffen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2016.05.008","type":"journal-article","volume":"186","author":"Zoogman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"ao-65-2-423-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-025-00684-9","type":"journal-article","volume":"12","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Earth Planet. 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All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}