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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The exponential growth in satellite data traffic demands communication systems\n\t\t\t\t\texceeding current microwave capacity limitations, while the terahertz\n\t\t\t\t\t(THz) frequency band (0.1\u201310\u00a0THz) offers unprecedented\n\t\t\t\t\tbandwidth potential with superior weather resilience compared to\n\t\t\t\t\toptical systems, particularly when combined with ultra-low Earth orbit\n\t\t\t\t\t(ULEO) satellite deployments below 300\u00a0km altitude. This paper\n\t\t\t\t\tpresents a comprehensive performance evaluation for ULEO-THz\n\t\t\t\t\tsatellite-to-ground communications, analyzing three distinct\n\t\t\t\t\ttransmission architectures: direct satellite-to-ground (S2G),\n\t\t\t\t\tsatellite-relay-ground (SRG) forwarding, and\n\t\t\t\t\tsatellite-to-high-altitude base station (S2H) with fiber backhaul. Our\n\t\t\t\t\tanalysis leverages altitude-resolved atmospheric propagation models\n\t\t\t\t\tvalidated using yearlong meteorological data from four high-altitude\n\t\t\t\t\tstations in Tibet and Qinghai, China. It incorporates\n\t\t\t\t\tfrequency-dependent atmospheric absorption using ITU-R standards,\n\t\t\t\t\tfree-space path loss with curved atmospheric modeling, and regional\n\t\t\t\t\tatmospheric variations to derive total channel path loss, available\n\t\t\t\t\tbandwidth capacity, and bit error rate (BER) performance under both\n\t\t\t\t\tAWGN and Weibull fading conditions across multiple THz frequencies.\n\t\t\t\t\tResults demonstrate that direct S2G transmission at lower THz\n\t\t\t\t\tfrequencies achieves optimal practical performance with maximum\n\t\t\t\t\tavailable bandwidth under QPSK modulation, while SRG suffers\n\t\t\t\t\tprohibitive cumulative losses from multiple hops, and S2H is rendered\n\t\t\t\t\timpractical for long-haul links by substantial electro-optical\n\t\t\t\t\tconversion and fiber transmission losses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.584243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T20:00:10Z","timestamp":1770667210000},"page":"2372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Terahertz channel performance in ULEO satellite-to-ground communications"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanzhu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houjun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7799-0167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-7-2372-R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3197695","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Al-Hraishawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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