{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:17:42Z","timestamp":1785417462866,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Optica Publishing Group","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OA_License_v2#VOR"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/policies\/opg-tdm-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["opg.optica.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional methods for object classification in speckle imaging through thin scattering media are predominantly designed for stationary objects. However, moving objects introduce motion blur into speckle images, and diminishing classification accuracy. To address this challenge, we propose to take advantage of event data to enhance images captured by a grayscale camera. We introduce the event-fused transformer (EFT), a transformer-based network designed to detect moving objects through scattering media. The EFT employs the vision transformer (ViT) as its backbone and integrates a spike neural network (SNN)-based transformer module to extract and fuse features from event data. These features effectively improve blurred speckle textures and guide the focus of the network on critical regions during training. To validate our approach, we prepared grayscale and event-based speckle datasets using three widely used datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of event information effectively improves the classification accuracy, increasing it from 94.875% to 97.125% compared to methods that rely solely on blurred grayscale speckle images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.585162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T18:00:10Z","timestamp":1770660010000},"page":"2307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classification of moving objects through scattering media based on a dynamic vision sensor"],"prefix":"10.1364","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-4514","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China"},{"name":"The National Key Laboratory on Near-surface Detection"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China"},{"name":"The National Key Laboratory on Near-surface Detection"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6027-7659","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01skt4w74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education of China"},{"name":"The National Key Laboratory on Near-surface Detection"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R1","volume-title":"Imaging Through Turbulence","author":"Roggemann","year":"2018"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R2","volume-title":"Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications","author":"Goodman","year":"2007"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2007.297","type":"journal-article","volume":"2","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.003444","type":"journal-article","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.150","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Katz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.88","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Mosk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7276","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8276","type":"journal-article","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11578","type":"journal-article","volume":"491","author":"Bertolotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.189","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Katz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Osnabrugge","year":"2017","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1705.01373","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3373","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","author":"Judkewitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.100601","type":"journal-article","volume":"104","author":"Popoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11898","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.011898","type":"journal-article","volume":"23","author":"Dr\u00e9meau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17466","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.017466","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","author":"Satat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8850","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.463764","type":"journal-article","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8258","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.008258","type":"journal-article","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17455030.2023.2234050","type":"journal-article","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waves Random Complex Media"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2025.108944","type":"journal-article","volume":"189","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadd9158","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add9158","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.456156","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44410","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.502120","type":"journal-article","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33470-y","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","author":"Jauregui-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/TCI.2022.3170651","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imaging"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71002A","DOI":"10.1117\/12.797700","type":"journal-article","volume":"7100","author":"Posch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2342715","type":"journal-article","volume":"49","author":"Brandli","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3008413","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Gallego","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2551244","type":"journal-article","volume":"39","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3036667","type":"journal-article","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2024.3374074","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3482436","type":"journal-article","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.430419","type":"journal-article","volume":"46","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.412601","type":"journal-article","volume":"60","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.444948","type":"journal-article","volume":"30","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(97)00011-7","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","author":"Maass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1677-2","type":"journal-article","volume":"575","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2018.12.002","type":"journal-article","volume":"111","author":"Tavanaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS40897.2019.8967864","article-title":"Spiking neural network on neuromorphic hardware for energy-efficient unidimensional SLAM","volume-title":"2019 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)","author":"Tang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3067593","type":"journal-article","volume":"109","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Isik","year":"2024","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.16096","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590164","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.590164","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Rezaabad","year":"2020","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2007.04779","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Hu","year":"2020","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1805.01352","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2205.02767","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Vaswani","year":"2023","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2021","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2010.11929","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2101.11986","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Liu","year":"2021","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2103.14030","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2209.15425","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1708.07747","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1702.05373","type":"preprint"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364917691115","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","author":"Mueggler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rob. Res."},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R53","article-title":"ESIM: an open event camera simulator","volume-title":"Conference on Robot Learning","author":"Rebecq","year":"2018"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00144","article-title":"v2e: from video frames to realistic DVS events","volume-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)","author":"Hu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2007.914337","type":"journal-article","volume":"43","author":"Lichtsteiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2017.2717848","type":"journal-article","volume":"64","author":"Nozaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices"},{"key":"ao-65-7-2307-R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2012.6272143","article-title":"Live demonstration: behavioural emulation of event-based vision sensors","volume-title":"2012 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems","author":"Katz","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Applied Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/viewmedia.cfm?URI=ao-65-7-2307&seq=0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:23:10Z","timestamp":1778682190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-65-7-2307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/ao.585162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-128X","2155-3165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-128X","type":"print"},{"value":"2155-3165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Optica Publishing Group","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.585162","name":"articlelink","label":"Crossref DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"research-article","name":"content_type","label":"Article type"},{"value":"Screened by Similarity Check","name":"cross_check","label":"Similarity check"},{"value":"Yes","order":0,"name":"peer_reviewed","label":"Peer reviewed","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"Single blind","order":1,"name":"review_process","label":"Review process","group":{"name":"peer_review","label":"Peer review"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}